San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

Table of Contents

Constitutional Law Keyed to Stone

The Role Of The Supreme Court In The Constitutional Order
- Marbury v. Madison
  5 U.S. 137, 1 Cranch 137, 2 L. Ed. 60 (1803)
- Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
  14 U.S. 304, 4 L. Ed. 97,1816 U.S. 333, 1 Wheat. 304
- McCulloch v. Maryland
  17 U.S. 316, 4 Wheat. 316, 4 L. Ed. 579 (1819)
- Ex parte McCardle
  74 U.S. 506, 7 Wall. 506, 19 L. Ed. 264 (1869)
- Allen v. Wright
  468 U.S. 737, 104 S. Ct. 3315, 82 L. Ed. 2d 556, 1984 U.S. 149
- Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
  504 U.S. 555,112 S. Ct. 2130,119 L. Ed. 2d 351,1992 U.S. 3543
- Baker v. Carr
  369 U.S. 186, 82 S. Ct. 691, 7 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1962)
The Powers Of Congress
- Gibbons v. Ogden
  22 U.S. 1, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. Ed. 23 (1824)
- Hammer v. Dagenhart
  247 U.S. 251, 38 S. Ct. 529, 62 L. Ed. 1101 (1918)
- Wickard v. Filburn
  317 U.S. 111, 63 S. Ct. 82, 87 L. Ed. 122 (1942)
- NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp
  301 U.S. 1, 57 S. Ct. 615, 81 L. Ed. 893, 1937 U.S. 1122
- United States v. Lopez
  514 U.S. 549, 115 S. Ct. 1624, 131 L. Ed. 2d 626, 1995 U.S. 3039
- Missouri v. Holland
  252 U.S. 416,40 S. Ct. 382, 64 L. Ed. 641, 1920 U.S. 1520
- United States v. Butler
  297 U.S. 1, 56 S. Ct. 312, 80 L. Ed. 477, 1936 U.S. 946
- Steward Machine Co. v. Davis
  301 U.S. 548, 57 S. Ct. 883, 81 L. Ed. 1279, 1937 U.S. 1199
- City of Boerne v. Flores
  521 U.S. 507, 117 S. Ct. 2157, 138 L. Ed. 2d 624, 1997 U.S. 4035
- New York v. United States
  505 U.S. 144, 112 S. Ct. 2408, 120 L. Ed. 2d 120, 1992 U.S. 3693
Judicial Efforts To Protect The Expansion Of The Market Against Assertions Of Local Power
- City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
  437 U.S. 617, 98 S. Ct. 2531, 57 L. Ed. 2d 475, 1978 U.S. 37
- C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Clarkstown
  511 U.S. 383, 114 S. Ct. 1677, 128 L. Ed. 2d 399, 1994 U.S. 3477
- West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
  512 U.S. 186, 114 S. Ct. 2205, 129 L. Ed. 2d 157, 1994 U.S. 4638
- Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
  437 U.S. 117, 98 S. Ct. 2207, 57 L. Ed. 2d 91, 1978 U.S.
- Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
  432 U.S. 333, 97 S. Ct. 2434, 53 L. Ed. 2d 383, 1977 U.S. 123
- Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp
  450 U.S. 662, 101 S. Ct. 1309, 67 L. Ed. 2d 580, 1981 U.S. 17
The Distribution Of National Powers
- Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
  343 U.S. 579, 72 S. Ct. 863, 96 L. Ed. 1153, 1952 U.S. 2625
- Dames & Moore v. Regan
  453 U.S. 654, 101 S. Ct. 2972, 69 L. Ed. 2d 918, 1981 U.S. 44
- United States v. Nixon
  506 U.S. 224, 113 S. Ct. 732, 122 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1993)
- INS v. Chadha
  462 U.S. 919, 103 S. Ct. 2764, 77 L. Ed. 2d 317, 1983 U.S. 80
- Bowsher v. Synar
  478 U.S. 714, 106 S. Ct. 3181,92 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1986 U.S. 141
- Morrison v. Olson
  487 U.S. 654, 108 S. Ct. 2597, 101 L. Ed. 2d 569, 1988 U.S. 3034
- United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp
  299 U.S. 304, 57 S. Ct. 216, 81 L. Ed. 255, 1936 U.S. 968
Equality And The Constitution
- State v. Post
  20 N.J.L. 368, 1845 N.J. Sup. Ct. 14
- Dred Scott v. Sandford
  60 U.S. 393, 19 Howard 393, 15 L. Ed. 691 (1857)
- Plessy v. Ferguson
  163 U.S.537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256, 1896 U.S. 3390
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I)
  347 U.S.483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873, 1954 U.S. 2094
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II)
  349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1955 U.S. 734
- New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
  440 U.S. 568, 99 S. Ct. 1355, 59 L. Ed. 2d 587, 1979 U.S. 77
- City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center
  473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313, 1985 U.S. 118
- Strauder v. West Virginia
  100 U.S. 303, 25 L. Ed. 664, 1879 U.S. 1830, 10 Otto 303
- Korematsu v. United States
  323 U.S. 214, 65 S. Ct. 193, 89 L. Ed. 194, 1944 U.S. 1341
- Washington v. Davis
  426 U.S. 229, 96 S. Ct. 2040, 48 L. Ed. 2d 597, 1976 U.S. 154
- McCleskey v. Kemp
  481 U.S. 279, 107 S. Ct. 1756, 95 L. Ed. 2d 262, 1987 U.S. 1817
- Loving v. Virginia
  388 U.S. 1, 87 S. Ct. 1817, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010, 1967 U.S. 1082
- Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1
  458 U.S. 457, 102 S. Ct. 3187, 73 L. Ed. 2d 896, 1982 U.S. 151
- Miller v. Johnson
  129 S. Ct. 673; 172 L. Ed. 2d 642; 2008 U.S. 77 U.S.L.W. 3325
- City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company
  488 U.S. 469, 109 S. Ct. 706,102 L. Ed. 2d 854, 1989 U.S. 579
- Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
  515 U.S. 200, 115 S. Ct. 2097, 132 L. Ed. 2d 158, 1995 U.S. 4037
- Craig v. Boren
  429 U.S. 190, 97 S. Ct. 451, 50 L. Ed. 2d 397, 1976 U.S. 183
- United States v. Virginia
  518 U.S. 515, 116 S. Ct. 2264, 135 L. Ed. 2d 735, 1996 U.S. 4259
- Califano v. Goldfarb
  430 U.S. 199, 97 S. Ct. 1021, 51 L. Ed. 2d 270, 1977 U.S. 53
- Romer v. Evans
  517 U.S. 620, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855, 1996 U.S. 3245
- Sugarman v. Dougall
  413 U.S. 634, 93 S. Ct. 2842, 37 L. Ed. 2d 853, 1973 U.S. 147
Implied Fundamental Rights
- The Slaughter-House Cases
  83 U.S. 36, 21 L. Ed. 394, 872 U.S. 1139,16 Wall. 36
- Lochner v. United States
  198 U.S. 45, 25 S. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937; 1905 U.S. 1153
- Skinner v. Oklahoma
  316 U.S. 535, 62 S. Ct. 1110, 86 L. Ed. 1655, 1942 U.S. 493
- Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
  383 U.S. 663, 86 S. Ct. 1079, 16 L. Ed. 2d 169, 1966 U.S. 2905
- Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15
  395 U.S. 621, 89 S. Ct. 1886, 23 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1969 U.S. 1261
- Reynolds v. Sims
  377 U.S. 533, 84 S. Ct. 1362, 12 L. Ed. 2d 506, 1964 U.S. 1002
- City of Mobile v. Bolden
  446 U.S. 55, 100 S. Ct. 1490, 64 L. Ed. 2d 47, 1980 U.S. 121
- Davis v. Bandemer
  478 U.S. 109, 106 S. Ct. 2797, 92 L. Ed. 2d 85, 1986 U.S. 122
- Shapiro v. Thompson
  394 U.S. 618, 89 S. Ct. 1322, 22 L. Ed. 2d 600, 1969 U.S. 3190
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
  411 U.S. 1, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16, 1973 U.S. 91
- Plyler v. Doe
  457 U.S. 202, 102 S. Ct. 2382, 72 L. Ed. 2d 786, 1982 U.S. 124
- Griswold v. Connecticut
  381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510, 1965 U.S. 2282
- Roe v. Wade
  410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S.
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
  505 U.S. 833, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 120 L. Ed. 2d 674, 1992 U.S. 4751
- Stenberg v. Carhart
  530 U.S. 914, 120 S. Ct. 2597, 147 L. Ed. 2d 743, 2000 U.S. 4484
- Bowers v. Hardwick
  478 U.S. 186, 106 S. Ct. 2841, 92 L. Ed. 2d 140 (1986)
- Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
  497 U.S. 261, 110 S. Ct. 2841, 111 L. Ed. 2d 224, 1990 U.S.
- Washington v. Glucksberg
  521 U.S. 702, 117 S. Ct. 2302, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 138 L. Ed. 2d 772 (1997)
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
  470 U.S. 532, 105 S. Ct. 1487, 84 L. Ed. 2d 494, 1985 U.S. 68
- Mathews v. Eldridge
  424 U.S. 319, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 1976 U.S. 141
- Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell
  290 U.S. 398, 54 S. Ct. 231, 78 L. Ed. 413, 1934 U.S. 958
- Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
  260 U.S. 393, 43 S. Ct. 158, 67 L. Ed. 322 (1922)
- Miller v. Schoene
  276 U.S. 272, 48 S. Ct. 246, 72 L. Ed. 568, 1928 U.S. 78
- Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
  438 U.S. 104, 98 S. Ct. 2646, 57 L. Ed. 2d 631, 1978 U.S. 39
- Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
  505 U.S. 1003, 112 S. Ct. 2886, 120 L. Ed. 2d 798, 34 ERC 1897 (1992)
Freedom Of Expression
- Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
  244 F. 535, 1917 U.S. Dist. 1066
- Schenck v. United States
  249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470, 1919 U.S. 2223
- Abrams v. United States
  250 U.S. 616, 40 S. Ct. 17, 63 L. Ed. 1173, 1919 U.S. 1784
- Gitlow v. New York
  268 U.S. 652, 45 S. Ct. 625, 69 L. Ed. 1138, 1925 U.S. 598
- Whitney v. California
  274 U.S. 357, 47 S. Ct. 641; 71 L. Ed. 1095; 1927 U.S. 1011
- Dennis v. United States
  341 U.S. 494, 71 S. Ct. 857, 95 L. Ed. 1137, 1951 U.S. 2407
- Brandenburg v. Ohio
  395 U.S. 444, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430, 1969 U.S. 1367
- Bridges v. California
  314 U.S. 252, 62 S. Ct. 190, 86 L. Ed. 192, 1941 U.S. 1084
- Cantwell v. Connecticut
  310 U.S. 296, 60 S. Ct. 900, 84 L. Ed. 1213, 1940 U.S. 591
- Feiner v. New York
  340 U.S. 315, 71 S. Ct. 303, 95 L. Ed. 295, 1951 U.S. 2249
- Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
  315 U.S. 568, 62 S. Ct. 766, 86 L. Ed. 1031, 1942 U.S. 851
- New York Times Co. v. United States; United States v. Washington Post Co
  403 U.S. 713, 91 S. Ct. 2140, 29 L. Ed. 2d 822, 1971 U.S. 100
- Gooding v. Wilson
  405 U.S. 518, 92 S. Ct. 1103, 31 L. Ed. 2d 408, 1972 U.S. 72
- Lovell v. Griffin
  303 U.S. 444, 58 S. Ct. 666, 82 L. Ed. 949, 1938 U.S. 297
- Near v. Minnesota
  283 U.S. 697, 51 S. Ct. 625, 75 L. Ed. 1357, 1931 U.S. 175
- New York Times v. Sullivan
  376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 1964 U.S. 1655
- Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc
  418 U.S. 323, 94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789, 1974 U.S. 88
- Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
  420 U.S. 469, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 43 L. Ed. 2d 328, 1975 U.S. 139
- Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Counsel
  425 U.S. 748, 96 S. Ct. 1817, 48 L. Ed. 2d 346, 1976 U.S. 55
- Miller v. California
  413 U.S. 15, 93 S. Ct. 2607, 37 L. Ed. 2d 419, 1973 U.S. 149
- Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
  413 U.S. 49, 93 S. Ct. 2628, 37 L. Ed. 2d 446, 1973 U.S. 19
- Cohen v. California
  403 U.S. 15, 91 S. Ct. 1780, 29 L. Ed. 2d 284, 1971 U.S. 32
- FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
  438 U.S. 726, 98 S. Ct. 3026, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1073, 1978 U.S. 135
- Young v. American Mini-Theatres
  427 U.S. 50, 96 S. Ct. 2440, 49 L. Ed. 2d 310, 1976 U.S. 3
- Beauharnais v. Illinois
  343 U.S. 250, 72 S. Ct. 725, 96 L. Ed. 919, 1952 U.S. 2799
The Constitution And Religion
- Lee v. Weisman
  505 U.S. 577, 112 S. Ct. 2649, 120 L. Ed. 2d 467, 1992 U.S. 4364
- Lynch v. Donnelly
  465 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 1355, 79 L. Ed. 2d 604, 1984 U.S. 37
- Mueller v. Allen
  463 U.S. 388, 103 S. Ct. 3062, 77 L. Ed. 2d 721, 1983 U.S. 96
- Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith
  494 U.S. 872, 110 S. Ct. 1595, 108 L. Ed. 2d 876, 1990 U.S. 2021
- Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos
  483 U.S. 327, 107 S. Ct. 2862, 97 L. Ed. 2d 273, 1987 U.S. 2876
The Constitution, Baselines, And The Problem Of Private Power
- Flagg Brothers v. Brooks
  436 U.S. 149, 98 S. Ct. 1729, 56 L. Ed. 2d 185, 1978 U.S. 90
- Shelley v. Kraemer
  334 U.S. 1, 68 S. Ct. 836, 92 L. Ed. 1161, 1948 U.S. 2764
- Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
  365 U.S. 715, 81 S. Ct. 856, 6 L. Ed. 2d 45, 1961 U.S. 1297
- Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
  407 U.S. 163, 92 S. Ct. 1965, 32 L. Ed. 2d 627, 1972 U.S. 44
- Jackson v. Metropolitan Co
  419 U.S. 345, 95 S. Ct. 449, 42 L. Ed. 2d 477, 1974 U.S. 50
- Marsh v. Alabama
  326 U.S. 501, 66 S. Ct. 276, 90 L. Ed. 265, 1946 U.S. 3097

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Law Dictionary

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Constitutional Law Keyed to Stone

The Role Of The Supreme Court In The Constitutional Order
- Marbury v. Madison
  5 U.S. 137, 1 Cranch 137, 2 L. Ed. 60 (1803)
- Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
  14 U.S. 304, 4 L. Ed. 97,1816 U.S. 333, 1 Wheat. 304
- McCulloch v. Maryland
  17 U.S. 316, 4 Wheat. 316, 4 L. Ed. 579 (1819)
- Ex parte McCardle
  74 U.S. 506, 7 Wall. 506, 19 L. Ed. 264 (1869)
- Allen v. Wright
  468 U.S. 737, 104 S. Ct. 3315, 82 L. Ed. 2d 556, 1984 U.S. 149
- Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
  504 U.S. 555,112 S. Ct. 2130,119 L. Ed. 2d 351,1992 U.S. 3543
- Baker v. Carr
  369 U.S. 186, 82 S. Ct. 691, 7 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1962)
The Powers Of Congress
- Gibbons v. Ogden
  22 U.S. 1, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. Ed. 23 (1824)
- Hammer v. Dagenhart
  247 U.S. 251, 38 S. Ct. 529, 62 L. Ed. 1101 (1918)
- Wickard v. Filburn
  317 U.S. 111, 63 S. Ct. 82, 87 L. Ed. 122 (1942)
- NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp
  301 U.S. 1, 57 S. Ct. 615, 81 L. Ed. 893, 1937 U.S. 1122
- United States v. Lopez
  514 U.S. 549, 115 S. Ct. 1624, 131 L. Ed. 2d 626, 1995 U.S. 3039
- Missouri v. Holland
  252 U.S. 416,40 S. Ct. 382, 64 L. Ed. 641, 1920 U.S. 1520
- United States v. Butler
  297 U.S. 1, 56 S. Ct. 312, 80 L. Ed. 477, 1936 U.S. 946
- Steward Machine Co. v. Davis
  301 U.S. 548, 57 S. Ct. 883, 81 L. Ed. 1279, 1937 U.S. 1199
- City of Boerne v. Flores
  521 U.S. 507, 117 S. Ct. 2157, 138 L. Ed. 2d 624, 1997 U.S. 4035
- New York v. United States
  505 U.S. 144, 112 S. Ct. 2408, 120 L. Ed. 2d 120, 1992 U.S. 3693
Judicial Efforts To Protect The Expansion Of The Market Against Assertions Of Local Power
- City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
  437 U.S. 617, 98 S. Ct. 2531, 57 L. Ed. 2d 475, 1978 U.S. 37
- C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Clarkstown
  511 U.S. 383, 114 S. Ct. 1677, 128 L. Ed. 2d 399, 1994 U.S. 3477
- West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
  512 U.S. 186, 114 S. Ct. 2205, 129 L. Ed. 2d 157, 1994 U.S. 4638
- Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
  437 U.S. 117, 98 S. Ct. 2207, 57 L. Ed. 2d 91, 1978 U.S.
- Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
  432 U.S. 333, 97 S. Ct. 2434, 53 L. Ed. 2d 383, 1977 U.S. 123
- Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp
  450 U.S. 662, 101 S. Ct. 1309, 67 L. Ed. 2d 580, 1981 U.S. 17
The Distribution Of National Powers
- Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
  343 U.S. 579, 72 S. Ct. 863, 96 L. Ed. 1153, 1952 U.S. 2625
- Dames & Moore v. Regan
  453 U.S. 654, 101 S. Ct. 2972, 69 L. Ed. 2d 918, 1981 U.S. 44
- United States v. Nixon
  506 U.S. 224, 113 S. Ct. 732, 122 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1993)
- INS v. Chadha
  462 U.S. 919, 103 S. Ct. 2764, 77 L. Ed. 2d 317, 1983 U.S. 80
- Bowsher v. Synar
  478 U.S. 714, 106 S. Ct. 3181,92 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1986 U.S. 141
- Morrison v. Olson
  487 U.S. 654, 108 S. Ct. 2597, 101 L. Ed. 2d 569, 1988 U.S. 3034
- United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp
  299 U.S. 304, 57 S. Ct. 216, 81 L. Ed. 255, 1936 U.S. 968
Equality And The Constitution
- State v. Post
  20 N.J.L. 368, 1845 N.J. Sup. Ct. 14
- Dred Scott v. Sandford
  60 U.S. 393, 19 Howard 393, 15 L. Ed. 691 (1857)
- Plessy v. Ferguson
  163 U.S.537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256, 1896 U.S. 3390
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I)
  347 U.S.483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873, 1954 U.S. 2094
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II)
  349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1955 U.S. 734
- New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
  440 U.S. 568, 99 S. Ct. 1355, 59 L. Ed. 2d 587, 1979 U.S. 77
- City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center
  473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313, 1985 U.S. 118
- Strauder v. West Virginia
  100 U.S. 303, 25 L. Ed. 664, 1879 U.S. 1830, 10 Otto 303
- Korematsu v. United States
  323 U.S. 214, 65 S. Ct. 193, 89 L. Ed. 194, 1944 U.S. 1341
- Washington v. Davis
  426 U.S. 229, 96 S. Ct. 2040, 48 L. Ed. 2d 597, 1976 U.S. 154
- McCleskey v. Kemp
  481 U.S. 279, 107 S. Ct. 1756, 95 L. Ed. 2d 262, 1987 U.S. 1817
- Loving v. Virginia
  388 U.S. 1, 87 S. Ct. 1817, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010, 1967 U.S. 1082
- Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1
  458 U.S. 457, 102 S. Ct. 3187, 73 L. Ed. 2d 896, 1982 U.S. 151
- Miller v. Johnson
  129 S. Ct. 673; 172 L. Ed. 2d 642; 2008 U.S. 77 U.S.L.W. 3325
- City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company
  488 U.S. 469, 109 S. Ct. 706,102 L. Ed. 2d 854, 1989 U.S. 579
- Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
  515 U.S. 200, 115 S. Ct. 2097, 132 L. Ed. 2d 158, 1995 U.S. 4037
- Craig v. Boren
  429 U.S. 190, 97 S. Ct. 451, 50 L. Ed. 2d 397, 1976 U.S. 183
- United States v. Virginia
  518 U.S. 515, 116 S. Ct. 2264, 135 L. Ed. 2d 735, 1996 U.S. 4259
- Califano v. Goldfarb
  430 U.S. 199, 97 S. Ct. 1021, 51 L. Ed. 2d 270, 1977 U.S. 53
- Romer v. Evans
  517 U.S. 620, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855, 1996 U.S. 3245
- Sugarman v. Dougall
  413 U.S. 634, 93 S. Ct. 2842, 37 L. Ed. 2d 853, 1973 U.S. 147
Implied Fundamental Rights
- The Slaughter-House Cases
  83 U.S. 36, 21 L. Ed. 394, 872 U.S. 1139,16 Wall. 36
- Lochner v. United States
  198 U.S. 45, 25 S. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937; 1905 U.S. 1153
- Skinner v. Oklahoma
  316 U.S. 535, 62 S. Ct. 1110, 86 L. Ed. 1655, 1942 U.S. 493
- Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
  383 U.S. 663, 86 S. Ct. 1079, 16 L. Ed. 2d 169, 1966 U.S. 2905
- Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15
  395 U.S. 621, 89 S. Ct. 1886, 23 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1969 U.S. 1261
- Reynolds v. Sims
  377 U.S. 533, 84 S. Ct. 1362, 12 L. Ed. 2d 506, 1964 U.S. 1002
- City of Mobile v. Bolden
  446 U.S. 55, 100 S. Ct. 1490, 64 L. Ed. 2d 47, 1980 U.S. 121
- Davis v. Bandemer
  478 U.S. 109, 106 S. Ct. 2797, 92 L. Ed. 2d 85, 1986 U.S. 122
- Shapiro v. Thompson
  394 U.S. 618, 89 S. Ct. 1322, 22 L. Ed. 2d 600, 1969 U.S. 3190
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
  411 U.S. 1, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16, 1973 U.S. 91
- Plyler v. Doe
  457 U.S. 202, 102 S. Ct. 2382, 72 L. Ed. 2d 786, 1982 U.S. 124
- Griswold v. Connecticut
  381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510, 1965 U.S. 2282
- Roe v. Wade
  410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S.
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
  505 U.S. 833, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 120 L. Ed. 2d 674, 1992 U.S. 4751
- Stenberg v. Carhart
  530 U.S. 914, 120 S. Ct. 2597, 147 L. Ed. 2d 743, 2000 U.S. 4484
- Bowers v. Hardwick
  478 U.S. 186, 106 S. Ct. 2841, 92 L. Ed. 2d 140 (1986)
- Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
  497 U.S. 261, 110 S. Ct. 2841, 111 L. Ed. 2d 224, 1990 U.S.
- Washington v. Glucksberg
  521 U.S. 702, 117 S. Ct. 2302, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 138 L. Ed. 2d 772 (1997)
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
  470 U.S. 532, 105 S. Ct. 1487, 84 L. Ed. 2d 494, 1985 U.S. 68
- Mathews v. Eldridge
  424 U.S. 319, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 1976 U.S. 141
- Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell
  290 U.S. 398, 54 S. Ct. 231, 78 L. Ed. 413, 1934 U.S. 958
- Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
  260 U.S. 393, 43 S. Ct. 158, 67 L. Ed. 322 (1922)
- Miller v. Schoene
  276 U.S. 272, 48 S. Ct. 246, 72 L. Ed. 568, 1928 U.S. 78
- Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
  438 U.S. 104, 98 S. Ct. 2646, 57 L. Ed. 2d 631, 1978 U.S. 39
- Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
  505 U.S. 1003, 112 S. Ct. 2886, 120 L. Ed. 2d 798, 34 ERC 1897 (1992)
Freedom Of Expression
- Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
  244 F. 535, 1917 U.S. Dist. 1066
- Schenck v. United States
  249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470, 1919 U.S. 2223
- Abrams v. United States
  250 U.S. 616, 40 S. Ct. 17, 63 L. Ed. 1173, 1919 U.S. 1784
- Gitlow v. New York
  268 U.S. 652, 45 S. Ct. 625, 69 L. Ed. 1138, 1925 U.S. 598
- Whitney v. California
  274 U.S. 357, 47 S. Ct. 641; 71 L. Ed. 1095; 1927 U.S. 1011
- Dennis v. United States
  341 U.S. 494, 71 S. Ct. 857, 95 L. Ed. 1137, 1951 U.S. 2407
- Brandenburg v. Ohio
  395 U.S. 444, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430, 1969 U.S. 1367
- Bridges v. California
  314 U.S. 252, 62 S. Ct. 190, 86 L. Ed. 192, 1941 U.S. 1084
- Cantwell v. Connecticut
  310 U.S. 296, 60 S. Ct. 900, 84 L. Ed. 1213, 1940 U.S. 591
- Feiner v. New York
  340 U.S. 315, 71 S. Ct. 303, 95 L. Ed. 295, 1951 U.S. 2249
- Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
  315 U.S. 568, 62 S. Ct. 766, 86 L. Ed. 1031, 1942 U.S. 851
- New York Times Co. v. United States; United States v. Washington Post Co
  403 U.S. 713, 91 S. Ct. 2140, 29 L. Ed. 2d 822, 1971 U.S. 100
- Gooding v. Wilson
  405 U.S. 518, 92 S. Ct. 1103, 31 L. Ed. 2d 408, 1972 U.S. 72
- Lovell v. Griffin
  303 U.S. 444, 58 S. Ct. 666, 82 L. Ed. 949, 1938 U.S. 297
- Near v. Minnesota
  283 U.S. 697, 51 S. Ct. 625, 75 L. Ed. 1357, 1931 U.S. 175
- New York Times v. Sullivan
  376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 1964 U.S. 1655
- Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc
  418 U.S. 323, 94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789, 1974 U.S. 88
- Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
  420 U.S. 469, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 43 L. Ed. 2d 328, 1975 U.S. 139
- Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Counsel
  425 U.S. 748, 96 S. Ct. 1817, 48 L. Ed. 2d 346, 1976 U.S. 55
- Miller v. California
  413 U.S. 15, 93 S. Ct. 2607, 37 L. Ed. 2d 419, 1973 U.S. 149
- Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
  413 U.S. 49, 93 S. Ct. 2628, 37 L. Ed. 2d 446, 1973 U.S. 19
- Cohen v. California
  403 U.S. 15, 91 S. Ct. 1780, 29 L. Ed. 2d 284, 1971 U.S. 32
- FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
  438 U.S. 726, 98 S. Ct. 3026, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1073, 1978 U.S. 135
- Young v. American Mini-Theatres
  427 U.S. 50, 96 S. Ct. 2440, 49 L. Ed. 2d 310, 1976 U.S. 3
- Beauharnais v. Illinois
  343 U.S. 250, 72 S. Ct. 725, 96 L. Ed. 919, 1952 U.S. 2799
The Constitution And Religion
- Lee v. Weisman
  505 U.S. 577, 112 S. Ct. 2649, 120 L. Ed. 2d 467, 1992 U.S. 4364
- Lynch v. Donnelly
  465 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 1355, 79 L. Ed. 2d 604, 1984 U.S. 37
- Mueller v. Allen
  463 U.S. 388, 103 S. Ct. 3062, 77 L. Ed. 2d 721, 1983 U.S. 96
- Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith
  494 U.S. 872, 110 S. Ct. 1595, 108 L. Ed. 2d 876, 1990 U.S. 2021
- Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos
  483 U.S. 327, 107 S. Ct. 2862, 97 L. Ed. 2d 273, 1987 U.S. 2876
The Constitution, Baselines, And The Problem Of Private Power
- Flagg Brothers v. Brooks
  436 U.S. 149, 98 S. Ct. 1729, 56 L. Ed. 2d 185, 1978 U.S. 90
- Shelley v. Kraemer
  334 U.S. 1, 68 S. Ct. 836, 92 L. Ed. 1161, 1948 U.S. 2764
- Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
  365 U.S. 715, 81 S. Ct. 856, 6 L. Ed. 2d 45, 1961 U.S. 1297
- Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
  407 U.S. 163, 92 S. Ct. 1965, 32 L. Ed. 2d 627, 1972 U.S. 44
- Jackson v. Metropolitan Co
  419 U.S. 345, 95 S. Ct. 449, 42 L. Ed. 2d 477, 1974 U.S. 50
- Marsh v. Alabama
  326 U.S. 501, 66 S. Ct. 276, 90 L. Ed. 265, 1946 U.S. 3097

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Citation. 411 U.S. 1, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16, 1973 U.S. 91.

Brief Fact Summary. In Texas, public schools were financed primarily through a system whereby property taxes were imposed by local school districts. Because property values were higher in some districts, than in others, substantial disparities across districts in per pupil spending arose. The disparities in spending among public school children triggered a Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection challenge to the constitutionality of the system.

Synopsis of Rule of Law. A State public school taxing system that results in interdistrict spending disparities among local school districts is consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause as long as the system satisfies the rational basis standard of review and is, thus, rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.

Facts. In Texas, public schools were financed primarily by means of property taxes imposed by local school districts. Because property values were higher in some districts, than in others, substantial disparities across districts in per pupil spending arose. For example, one district raised $26 per pupil, using a 1.05% tax rate; while another district raised as much as $333 per pupil on the basis of a mere .85% rate. The stated purpose for the system was to assure school districts of local fiscal control. At trial, a Federal District Court, applying the strict scrutiny standard of review, invalidated the school financing system on equal protection grounds.

Issue. Did the federal District Court, in applying strict scrutiny, review the case under the correct standard of review?
Was the funding system rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest?

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