United States v. Virginia

Table of Contents

Constitutional Law Keyed to Stone

The Role Of The Supreme Court In The Constitutional Order
- Marbury v. Madison
  5 U.S. 137, 1 Cranch 137, 2 L. Ed. 60 (1803)
- Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
  14 U.S. 304, 4 L. Ed. 97,1816 U.S. 333, 1 Wheat. 304
- McCulloch v. Maryland
  17 U.S. 316, 4 Wheat. 316, 4 L. Ed. 579 (1819)
- Ex parte McCardle
  74 U.S. 506, 7 Wall. 506, 19 L. Ed. 264 (1869)
- Allen v. Wright
  468 U.S. 737, 104 S. Ct. 3315, 82 L. Ed. 2d 556, 1984 U.S. 149
- Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
  504 U.S. 555,112 S. Ct. 2130,119 L. Ed. 2d 351,1992 U.S. 3543
- Baker v. Carr
  369 U.S. 186, 82 S. Ct. 691, 7 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1962)
The Powers Of Congress
- Gibbons v. Ogden
  22 U.S. 1, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. Ed. 23 (1824)
- Hammer v. Dagenhart
  247 U.S. 251, 38 S. Ct. 529, 62 L. Ed. 1101 (1918)
- Wickard v. Filburn
  317 U.S. 111, 63 S. Ct. 82, 87 L. Ed. 122 (1942)
- NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp
  301 U.S. 1, 57 S. Ct. 615, 81 L. Ed. 893, 1937 U.S. 1122
- United States v. Lopez
  514 U.S. 549, 115 S. Ct. 1624, 131 L. Ed. 2d 626, 1995 U.S. 3039
- Missouri v. Holland
  252 U.S. 416,40 S. Ct. 382, 64 L. Ed. 641, 1920 U.S. 1520
- United States v. Butler
  297 U.S. 1, 56 S. Ct. 312, 80 L. Ed. 477, 1936 U.S. 946
- Steward Machine Co. v. Davis
  301 U.S. 548, 57 S. Ct. 883, 81 L. Ed. 1279, 1937 U.S. 1199
- City of Boerne v. Flores
  521 U.S. 507, 117 S. Ct. 2157, 138 L. Ed. 2d 624, 1997 U.S. 4035
- New York v. United States
  505 U.S. 144, 112 S. Ct. 2408, 120 L. Ed. 2d 120, 1992 U.S. 3693
Judicial Efforts To Protect The Expansion Of The Market Against Assertions Of Local Power
- City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
  437 U.S. 617, 98 S. Ct. 2531, 57 L. Ed. 2d 475, 1978 U.S. 37
- C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Clarkstown
  511 U.S. 383, 114 S. Ct. 1677, 128 L. Ed. 2d 399, 1994 U.S. 3477
- West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
  512 U.S. 186, 114 S. Ct. 2205, 129 L. Ed. 2d 157, 1994 U.S. 4638
- Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
  437 U.S. 117, 98 S. Ct. 2207, 57 L. Ed. 2d 91, 1978 U.S.
- Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
  432 U.S. 333, 97 S. Ct. 2434, 53 L. Ed. 2d 383, 1977 U.S. 123
- Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp
  450 U.S. 662, 101 S. Ct. 1309, 67 L. Ed. 2d 580, 1981 U.S. 17
The Distribution Of National Powers
- Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
  343 U.S. 579, 72 S. Ct. 863, 96 L. Ed. 1153, 1952 U.S. 2625
- Dames & Moore v. Regan
  453 U.S. 654, 101 S. Ct. 2972, 69 L. Ed. 2d 918, 1981 U.S. 44
- United States v. Nixon
  506 U.S. 224, 113 S. Ct. 732, 122 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1993)
- INS v. Chadha
  462 U.S. 919, 103 S. Ct. 2764, 77 L. Ed. 2d 317, 1983 U.S. 80
- Bowsher v. Synar
  478 U.S. 714, 106 S. Ct. 3181,92 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1986 U.S. 141
- Morrison v. Olson
  487 U.S. 654, 108 S. Ct. 2597, 101 L. Ed. 2d 569, 1988 U.S. 3034
- United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp
  299 U.S. 304, 57 S. Ct. 216, 81 L. Ed. 255, 1936 U.S. 968
Equality And The Constitution
- State v. Post
  20 N.J.L. 368, 1845 N.J. Sup. Ct. 14
- Dred Scott v. Sandford
  60 U.S. 393, 19 Howard 393, 15 L. Ed. 691 (1857)
- Plessy v. Ferguson
  163 U.S.537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256, 1896 U.S. 3390
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I)
  347 U.S.483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873, 1954 U.S. 2094
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II)
  349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1955 U.S. 734
- New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
  440 U.S. 568, 99 S. Ct. 1355, 59 L. Ed. 2d 587, 1979 U.S. 77
- City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center
  473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313, 1985 U.S. 118
- Strauder v. West Virginia
  100 U.S. 303, 25 L. Ed. 664, 1879 U.S. 1830, 10 Otto 303
- Korematsu v. United States
  323 U.S. 214, 65 S. Ct. 193, 89 L. Ed. 194, 1944 U.S. 1341
- Washington v. Davis
  426 U.S. 229, 96 S. Ct. 2040, 48 L. Ed. 2d 597, 1976 U.S. 154
- McCleskey v. Kemp
  481 U.S. 279, 107 S. Ct. 1756, 95 L. Ed. 2d 262, 1987 U.S. 1817
- Loving v. Virginia
  388 U.S. 1, 87 S. Ct. 1817, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010, 1967 U.S. 1082
- Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1
  458 U.S. 457, 102 S. Ct. 3187, 73 L. Ed. 2d 896, 1982 U.S. 151
- Miller v. Johnson
  129 S. Ct. 673; 172 L. Ed. 2d 642; 2008 U.S. 77 U.S.L.W. 3325
- City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company
  488 U.S. 469, 109 S. Ct. 706,102 L. Ed. 2d 854, 1989 U.S. 579
- Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
  515 U.S. 200, 115 S. Ct. 2097, 132 L. Ed. 2d 158, 1995 U.S. 4037
- Craig v. Boren
  429 U.S. 190, 97 S. Ct. 451, 50 L. Ed. 2d 397, 1976 U.S. 183
- United States v. Virginia
  518 U.S. 515, 116 S. Ct. 2264, 135 L. Ed. 2d 735, 1996 U.S. 4259
- Califano v. Goldfarb
  430 U.S. 199, 97 S. Ct. 1021, 51 L. Ed. 2d 270, 1977 U.S. 53
- Romer v. Evans
  517 U.S. 620, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855, 1996 U.S. 3245
- Sugarman v. Dougall
  413 U.S. 634, 93 S. Ct. 2842, 37 L. Ed. 2d 853, 1973 U.S. 147
Implied Fundamental Rights
- The Slaughter-House Cases
  83 U.S. 36, 21 L. Ed. 394, 872 U.S. 1139,16 Wall. 36
- Lochner v. United States
  198 U.S. 45, 25 S. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937; 1905 U.S. 1153
- Skinner v. Oklahoma
  316 U.S. 535, 62 S. Ct. 1110, 86 L. Ed. 1655, 1942 U.S. 493
- Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
  383 U.S. 663, 86 S. Ct. 1079, 16 L. Ed. 2d 169, 1966 U.S. 2905
- Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15
  395 U.S. 621, 89 S. Ct. 1886, 23 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1969 U.S. 1261
- Reynolds v. Sims
  377 U.S. 533, 84 S. Ct. 1362, 12 L. Ed. 2d 506, 1964 U.S. 1002
- City of Mobile v. Bolden
  446 U.S. 55, 100 S. Ct. 1490, 64 L. Ed. 2d 47, 1980 U.S. 121
- Davis v. Bandemer
  478 U.S. 109, 106 S. Ct. 2797, 92 L. Ed. 2d 85, 1986 U.S. 122
- Shapiro v. Thompson
  394 U.S. 618, 89 S. Ct. 1322, 22 L. Ed. 2d 600, 1969 U.S. 3190
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
  411 U.S. 1, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16, 1973 U.S. 91
- Plyler v. Doe
  457 U.S. 202, 102 S. Ct. 2382, 72 L. Ed. 2d 786, 1982 U.S. 124
- Griswold v. Connecticut
  381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510, 1965 U.S. 2282
- Roe v. Wade
  410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S.
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
  505 U.S. 833, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 120 L. Ed. 2d 674, 1992 U.S. 4751
- Stenberg v. Carhart
  530 U.S. 914, 120 S. Ct. 2597, 147 L. Ed. 2d 743, 2000 U.S. 4484
- Bowers v. Hardwick
  478 U.S. 186, 106 S. Ct. 2841, 92 L. Ed. 2d 140 (1986)
- Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
  497 U.S. 261, 110 S. Ct. 2841, 111 L. Ed. 2d 224, 1990 U.S.
- Washington v. Glucksberg
  521 U.S. 702, 117 S. Ct. 2302, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 138 L. Ed. 2d 772 (1997)
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
  470 U.S. 532, 105 S. Ct. 1487, 84 L. Ed. 2d 494, 1985 U.S. 68
- Mathews v. Eldridge
  424 U.S. 319, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 1976 U.S. 141
- Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell
  290 U.S. 398, 54 S. Ct. 231, 78 L. Ed. 413, 1934 U.S. 958
- Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
  260 U.S. 393, 43 S. Ct. 158, 67 L. Ed. 322 (1922)
- Miller v. Schoene
  276 U.S. 272, 48 S. Ct. 246, 72 L. Ed. 568, 1928 U.S. 78
- Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
  438 U.S. 104, 98 S. Ct. 2646, 57 L. Ed. 2d 631, 1978 U.S. 39
- Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
  505 U.S. 1003, 112 S. Ct. 2886, 120 L. Ed. 2d 798, 34 ERC 1897 (1992)
Freedom Of Expression
- Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
  244 F. 535, 1917 U.S. Dist. 1066
- Schenck v. United States
  249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470, 1919 U.S. 2223
- Abrams v. United States
  250 U.S. 616, 40 S. Ct. 17, 63 L. Ed. 1173, 1919 U.S. 1784
- Gitlow v. New York
  268 U.S. 652, 45 S. Ct. 625, 69 L. Ed. 1138, 1925 U.S. 598
- Whitney v. California
  274 U.S. 357, 47 S. Ct. 641; 71 L. Ed. 1095; 1927 U.S. 1011
- Dennis v. United States
  341 U.S. 494, 71 S. Ct. 857, 95 L. Ed. 1137, 1951 U.S. 2407
- Brandenburg v. Ohio
  395 U.S. 444, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430, 1969 U.S. 1367
- Bridges v. California
  314 U.S. 252, 62 S. Ct. 190, 86 L. Ed. 192, 1941 U.S. 1084
- Cantwell v. Connecticut
  310 U.S. 296, 60 S. Ct. 900, 84 L. Ed. 1213, 1940 U.S. 591
- Feiner v. New York
  340 U.S. 315, 71 S. Ct. 303, 95 L. Ed. 295, 1951 U.S. 2249
- Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
  315 U.S. 568, 62 S. Ct. 766, 86 L. Ed. 1031, 1942 U.S. 851
- New York Times Co. v. United States; United States v. Washington Post Co
  403 U.S. 713, 91 S. Ct. 2140, 29 L. Ed. 2d 822, 1971 U.S. 100
- Gooding v. Wilson
  405 U.S. 518, 92 S. Ct. 1103, 31 L. Ed. 2d 408, 1972 U.S. 72
- Lovell v. Griffin
  303 U.S. 444, 58 S. Ct. 666, 82 L. Ed. 949, 1938 U.S. 297
- Near v. Minnesota
  283 U.S. 697, 51 S. Ct. 625, 75 L. Ed. 1357, 1931 U.S. 175
- New York Times v. Sullivan
  376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 1964 U.S. 1655
- Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc
  418 U.S. 323, 94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789, 1974 U.S. 88
- Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
  420 U.S. 469, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 43 L. Ed. 2d 328, 1975 U.S. 139
- Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Counsel
  425 U.S. 748, 96 S. Ct. 1817, 48 L. Ed. 2d 346, 1976 U.S. 55
- Miller v. California
  413 U.S. 15, 93 S. Ct. 2607, 37 L. Ed. 2d 419, 1973 U.S. 149
- Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
  413 U.S. 49, 93 S. Ct. 2628, 37 L. Ed. 2d 446, 1973 U.S. 19
- Cohen v. California
  403 U.S. 15, 91 S. Ct. 1780, 29 L. Ed. 2d 284, 1971 U.S. 32
- FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
  438 U.S. 726, 98 S. Ct. 3026, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1073, 1978 U.S. 135
- Young v. American Mini-Theatres
  427 U.S. 50, 96 S. Ct. 2440, 49 L. Ed. 2d 310, 1976 U.S. 3
- Beauharnais v. Illinois
  343 U.S. 250, 72 S. Ct. 725, 96 L. Ed. 919, 1952 U.S. 2799
The Constitution And Religion
- Lee v. Weisman
  505 U.S. 577, 112 S. Ct. 2649, 120 L. Ed. 2d 467, 1992 U.S. 4364
- Lynch v. Donnelly
  465 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 1355, 79 L. Ed. 2d 604, 1984 U.S. 37
- Mueller v. Allen
  463 U.S. 388, 103 S. Ct. 3062, 77 L. Ed. 2d 721, 1983 U.S. 96
- Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith
  494 U.S. 872, 110 S. Ct. 1595, 108 L. Ed. 2d 876, 1990 U.S. 2021
- Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos
  483 U.S. 327, 107 S. Ct. 2862, 97 L. Ed. 2d 273, 1987 U.S. 2876
The Constitution, Baselines, And The Problem Of Private Power
- Flagg Brothers v. Brooks
  436 U.S. 149, 98 S. Ct. 1729, 56 L. Ed. 2d 185, 1978 U.S. 90
- Shelley v. Kraemer
  334 U.S. 1, 68 S. Ct. 836, 92 L. Ed. 1161, 1948 U.S. 2764
- Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
  365 U.S. 715, 81 S. Ct. 856, 6 L. Ed. 2d 45, 1961 U.S. 1297
- Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
  407 U.S. 163, 92 S. Ct. 1965, 32 L. Ed. 2d 627, 1972 U.S. 44
- Jackson v. Metropolitan Co
  419 U.S. 345, 95 S. Ct. 449, 42 L. Ed. 2d 477, 1974 U.S. 50
- Marsh v. Alabama
  326 U.S. 501, 66 S. Ct. 276, 90 L. Ed. 265, 1946 U.S. 3097

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Constitutional Law Keyed to Stone

The Role Of The Supreme Court In The Constitutional Order
- Marbury v. Madison
  5 U.S. 137, 1 Cranch 137, 2 L. Ed. 60 (1803)
- Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
  14 U.S. 304, 4 L. Ed. 97,1816 U.S. 333, 1 Wheat. 304
- McCulloch v. Maryland
  17 U.S. 316, 4 Wheat. 316, 4 L. Ed. 579 (1819)
- Ex parte McCardle
  74 U.S. 506, 7 Wall. 506, 19 L. Ed. 264 (1869)
- Allen v. Wright
  468 U.S. 737, 104 S. Ct. 3315, 82 L. Ed. 2d 556, 1984 U.S. 149
- Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
  504 U.S. 555,112 S. Ct. 2130,119 L. Ed. 2d 351,1992 U.S. 3543
- Baker v. Carr
  369 U.S. 186, 82 S. Ct. 691, 7 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1962)
The Powers Of Congress
- Gibbons v. Ogden
  22 U.S. 1, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. Ed. 23 (1824)
- Hammer v. Dagenhart
  247 U.S. 251, 38 S. Ct. 529, 62 L. Ed. 1101 (1918)
- Wickard v. Filburn
  317 U.S. 111, 63 S. Ct. 82, 87 L. Ed. 122 (1942)
- NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp
  301 U.S. 1, 57 S. Ct. 615, 81 L. Ed. 893, 1937 U.S. 1122
- United States v. Lopez
  514 U.S. 549, 115 S. Ct. 1624, 131 L. Ed. 2d 626, 1995 U.S. 3039
- Missouri v. Holland
  252 U.S. 416,40 S. Ct. 382, 64 L. Ed. 641, 1920 U.S. 1520
- United States v. Butler
  297 U.S. 1, 56 S. Ct. 312, 80 L. Ed. 477, 1936 U.S. 946
- Steward Machine Co. v. Davis
  301 U.S. 548, 57 S. Ct. 883, 81 L. Ed. 1279, 1937 U.S. 1199
- City of Boerne v. Flores
  521 U.S. 507, 117 S. Ct. 2157, 138 L. Ed. 2d 624, 1997 U.S. 4035
- New York v. United States
  505 U.S. 144, 112 S. Ct. 2408, 120 L. Ed. 2d 120, 1992 U.S. 3693
Judicial Efforts To Protect The Expansion Of The Market Against Assertions Of Local Power
- City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
  437 U.S. 617, 98 S. Ct. 2531, 57 L. Ed. 2d 475, 1978 U.S. 37
- C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Clarkstown
  511 U.S. 383, 114 S. Ct. 1677, 128 L. Ed. 2d 399, 1994 U.S. 3477
- West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
  512 U.S. 186, 114 S. Ct. 2205, 129 L. Ed. 2d 157, 1994 U.S. 4638
- Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
  437 U.S. 117, 98 S. Ct. 2207, 57 L. Ed. 2d 91, 1978 U.S.
- Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
  432 U.S. 333, 97 S. Ct. 2434, 53 L. Ed. 2d 383, 1977 U.S. 123
- Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp
  450 U.S. 662, 101 S. Ct. 1309, 67 L. Ed. 2d 580, 1981 U.S. 17
The Distribution Of National Powers
- Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
  343 U.S. 579, 72 S. Ct. 863, 96 L. Ed. 1153, 1952 U.S. 2625
- Dames & Moore v. Regan
  453 U.S. 654, 101 S. Ct. 2972, 69 L. Ed. 2d 918, 1981 U.S. 44
- United States v. Nixon
  506 U.S. 224, 113 S. Ct. 732, 122 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1993)
- INS v. Chadha
  462 U.S. 919, 103 S. Ct. 2764, 77 L. Ed. 2d 317, 1983 U.S. 80
- Bowsher v. Synar
  478 U.S. 714, 106 S. Ct. 3181,92 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1986 U.S. 141
- Morrison v. Olson
  487 U.S. 654, 108 S. Ct. 2597, 101 L. Ed. 2d 569, 1988 U.S. 3034
- United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp
  299 U.S. 304, 57 S. Ct. 216, 81 L. Ed. 255, 1936 U.S. 968
Equality And The Constitution
- State v. Post
  20 N.J.L. 368, 1845 N.J. Sup. Ct. 14
- Dred Scott v. Sandford
  60 U.S. 393, 19 Howard 393, 15 L. Ed. 691 (1857)
- Plessy v. Ferguson
  163 U.S.537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256, 1896 U.S. 3390
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I)
  347 U.S.483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873, 1954 U.S. 2094
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II)
  349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1955 U.S. 734
- New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
  440 U.S. 568, 99 S. Ct. 1355, 59 L. Ed. 2d 587, 1979 U.S. 77
- City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center
  473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313, 1985 U.S. 118
- Strauder v. West Virginia
  100 U.S. 303, 25 L. Ed. 664, 1879 U.S. 1830, 10 Otto 303
- Korematsu v. United States
  323 U.S. 214, 65 S. Ct. 193, 89 L. Ed. 194, 1944 U.S. 1341
- Washington v. Davis
  426 U.S. 229, 96 S. Ct. 2040, 48 L. Ed. 2d 597, 1976 U.S. 154
- McCleskey v. Kemp
  481 U.S. 279, 107 S. Ct. 1756, 95 L. Ed. 2d 262, 1987 U.S. 1817
- Loving v. Virginia
  388 U.S. 1, 87 S. Ct. 1817, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010, 1967 U.S. 1082
- Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1
  458 U.S. 457, 102 S. Ct. 3187, 73 L. Ed. 2d 896, 1982 U.S. 151
- Miller v. Johnson
  129 S. Ct. 673; 172 L. Ed. 2d 642; 2008 U.S. 77 U.S.L.W. 3325
- City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company
  488 U.S. 469, 109 S. Ct. 706,102 L. Ed. 2d 854, 1989 U.S. 579
- Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
  515 U.S. 200, 115 S. Ct. 2097, 132 L. Ed. 2d 158, 1995 U.S. 4037
- Craig v. Boren
  429 U.S. 190, 97 S. Ct. 451, 50 L. Ed. 2d 397, 1976 U.S. 183
- United States v. Virginia
  518 U.S. 515, 116 S. Ct. 2264, 135 L. Ed. 2d 735, 1996 U.S. 4259
- Califano v. Goldfarb
  430 U.S. 199, 97 S. Ct. 1021, 51 L. Ed. 2d 270, 1977 U.S. 53
- Romer v. Evans
  517 U.S. 620, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855, 1996 U.S. 3245
- Sugarman v. Dougall
  413 U.S. 634, 93 S. Ct. 2842, 37 L. Ed. 2d 853, 1973 U.S. 147
Implied Fundamental Rights
- The Slaughter-House Cases
  83 U.S. 36, 21 L. Ed. 394, 872 U.S. 1139,16 Wall. 36
- Lochner v. United States
  198 U.S. 45, 25 S. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937; 1905 U.S. 1153
- Skinner v. Oklahoma
  316 U.S. 535, 62 S. Ct. 1110, 86 L. Ed. 1655, 1942 U.S. 493
- Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
  383 U.S. 663, 86 S. Ct. 1079, 16 L. Ed. 2d 169, 1966 U.S. 2905
- Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15
  395 U.S. 621, 89 S. Ct. 1886, 23 L. Ed. 2d 583, 1969 U.S. 1261
- Reynolds v. Sims
  377 U.S. 533, 84 S. Ct. 1362, 12 L. Ed. 2d 506, 1964 U.S. 1002
- City of Mobile v. Bolden
  446 U.S. 55, 100 S. Ct. 1490, 64 L. Ed. 2d 47, 1980 U.S. 121
- Davis v. Bandemer
  478 U.S. 109, 106 S. Ct. 2797, 92 L. Ed. 2d 85, 1986 U.S. 122
- Shapiro v. Thompson
  394 U.S. 618, 89 S. Ct. 1322, 22 L. Ed. 2d 600, 1969 U.S. 3190
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
  411 U.S. 1, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16, 1973 U.S. 91
- Plyler v. Doe
  457 U.S. 202, 102 S. Ct. 2382, 72 L. Ed. 2d 786, 1982 U.S. 124
- Griswold v. Connecticut
  381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510, 1965 U.S. 2282
- Roe v. Wade
  410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S.
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
  505 U.S. 833, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 120 L. Ed. 2d 674, 1992 U.S. 4751
- Stenberg v. Carhart
  530 U.S. 914, 120 S. Ct. 2597, 147 L. Ed. 2d 743, 2000 U.S. 4484
- Bowers v. Hardwick
  478 U.S. 186, 106 S. Ct. 2841, 92 L. Ed. 2d 140 (1986)
- Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
  497 U.S. 261, 110 S. Ct. 2841, 111 L. Ed. 2d 224, 1990 U.S.
- Washington v. Glucksberg
  521 U.S. 702, 117 S. Ct. 2302, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 138 L. Ed. 2d 772 (1997)
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
  470 U.S. 532, 105 S. Ct. 1487, 84 L. Ed. 2d 494, 1985 U.S. 68
- Mathews v. Eldridge
  424 U.S. 319, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 1976 U.S. 141
- Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell
  290 U.S. 398, 54 S. Ct. 231, 78 L. Ed. 413, 1934 U.S. 958
- Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
  260 U.S. 393, 43 S. Ct. 158, 67 L. Ed. 322 (1922)
- Miller v. Schoene
  276 U.S. 272, 48 S. Ct. 246, 72 L. Ed. 568, 1928 U.S. 78
- Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
  438 U.S. 104, 98 S. Ct. 2646, 57 L. Ed. 2d 631, 1978 U.S. 39
- Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
  505 U.S. 1003, 112 S. Ct. 2886, 120 L. Ed. 2d 798, 34 ERC 1897 (1992)
Freedom Of Expression
- Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
  244 F. 535, 1917 U.S. Dist. 1066
- Schenck v. United States
  249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470, 1919 U.S. 2223
- Abrams v. United States
  250 U.S. 616, 40 S. Ct. 17, 63 L. Ed. 1173, 1919 U.S. 1784
- Gitlow v. New York
  268 U.S. 652, 45 S. Ct. 625, 69 L. Ed. 1138, 1925 U.S. 598
- Whitney v. California
  274 U.S. 357, 47 S. Ct. 641; 71 L. Ed. 1095; 1927 U.S. 1011
- Dennis v. United States
  341 U.S. 494, 71 S. Ct. 857, 95 L. Ed. 1137, 1951 U.S. 2407
- Brandenburg v. Ohio
  395 U.S. 444, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430, 1969 U.S. 1367
- Bridges v. California
  314 U.S. 252, 62 S. Ct. 190, 86 L. Ed. 192, 1941 U.S. 1084
- Cantwell v. Connecticut
  310 U.S. 296, 60 S. Ct. 900, 84 L. Ed. 1213, 1940 U.S. 591
- Feiner v. New York
  340 U.S. 315, 71 S. Ct. 303, 95 L. Ed. 295, 1951 U.S. 2249
- Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
  315 U.S. 568, 62 S. Ct. 766, 86 L. Ed. 1031, 1942 U.S. 851
- New York Times Co. v. United States; United States v. Washington Post Co
  403 U.S. 713, 91 S. Ct. 2140, 29 L. Ed. 2d 822, 1971 U.S. 100
- Gooding v. Wilson
  405 U.S. 518, 92 S. Ct. 1103, 31 L. Ed. 2d 408, 1972 U.S. 72
- Lovell v. Griffin
  303 U.S. 444, 58 S. Ct. 666, 82 L. Ed. 949, 1938 U.S. 297
- Near v. Minnesota
  283 U.S. 697, 51 S. Ct. 625, 75 L. Ed. 1357, 1931 U.S. 175
- New York Times v. Sullivan
  376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 1964 U.S. 1655
- Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc
  418 U.S. 323, 94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789, 1974 U.S. 88
- Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
  420 U.S. 469, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 43 L. Ed. 2d 328, 1975 U.S. 139
- Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Counsel
  425 U.S. 748, 96 S. Ct. 1817, 48 L. Ed. 2d 346, 1976 U.S. 55
- Miller v. California
  413 U.S. 15, 93 S. Ct. 2607, 37 L. Ed. 2d 419, 1973 U.S. 149
- Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
  413 U.S. 49, 93 S. Ct. 2628, 37 L. Ed. 2d 446, 1973 U.S. 19
- Cohen v. California
  403 U.S. 15, 91 S. Ct. 1780, 29 L. Ed. 2d 284, 1971 U.S. 32
- FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
  438 U.S. 726, 98 S. Ct. 3026, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1073, 1978 U.S. 135
- Young v. American Mini-Theatres
  427 U.S. 50, 96 S. Ct. 2440, 49 L. Ed. 2d 310, 1976 U.S. 3
- Beauharnais v. Illinois
  343 U.S. 250, 72 S. Ct. 725, 96 L. Ed. 919, 1952 U.S. 2799
The Constitution And Religion
- Lee v. Weisman
  505 U.S. 577, 112 S. Ct. 2649, 120 L. Ed. 2d 467, 1992 U.S. 4364
- Lynch v. Donnelly
  465 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 1355, 79 L. Ed. 2d 604, 1984 U.S. 37
- Mueller v. Allen
  463 U.S. 388, 103 S. Ct. 3062, 77 L. Ed. 2d 721, 1983 U.S. 96
- Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith
  494 U.S. 872, 110 S. Ct. 1595, 108 L. Ed. 2d 876, 1990 U.S. 2021
- Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos
  483 U.S. 327, 107 S. Ct. 2862, 97 L. Ed. 2d 273, 1987 U.S. 2876
The Constitution, Baselines, And The Problem Of Private Power
- Flagg Brothers v. Brooks
  436 U.S. 149, 98 S. Ct. 1729, 56 L. Ed. 2d 185, 1978 U.S. 90
- Shelley v. Kraemer
  334 U.S. 1, 68 S. Ct. 836, 92 L. Ed. 1161, 1948 U.S. 2764
- Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
  365 U.S. 715, 81 S. Ct. 856, 6 L. Ed. 2d 45, 1961 U.S. 1297
- Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
  407 U.S. 163, 92 S. Ct. 1965, 32 L. Ed. 2d 627, 1972 U.S. 44
- Jackson v. Metropolitan Co
  419 U.S. 345, 95 S. Ct. 449, 42 L. Ed. 2d 477, 1974 U.S. 50
- Marsh v. Alabama
  326 U.S. 501, 66 S. Ct. 276, 90 L. Ed. 265, 1946 U.S. 3097

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Citation. 518 U.S. 515, 116 S. Ct. 2264, 135 L. Ed. 2d 735, 1996 U.S. 4259.

Brief Fact Summary. Virginia Military Institute (VMI) was the only single-sexed school in Virginia. VMI used a highly adversarial method to train (male) leaders of the future. There was no equal educational opportunity to that of VMI in the State for women.

Synopsis of Rule of Law. Gender-based classifications of the government can be defended only by exceedingly persuasive justifications. The State must show that its classification serves important governmental objectives and that the means employed are substantially related to those objectives. The justification must be genuine, not hypothesized. And it must not rely on overbroad generalizations about the differences between males and females.

Facts. VMI was the sole single-sexed school among Virginia’s 15 public institutions. VMI’s mission is to produce “citizen soldiers”, (male) leaders of the future. VMI achieves its mission through its “adversative method”, which is characterized by physical rigor, mental stress, absolute equality of treatment, absence of privacy, etc. At trial, the District Court acknowledged that women were missing out on a unique educational opportunity, but upheld the school’s policy on the rationale that admitting women could not be done without compromising the school’s adversative method. Pursuant to a decision by the Court of Appeals, the State established the Virginia Women’s Institute for Leadership (VWIL) for women. VWIL offered fewer courses than VMI and was run without the adversative method.

Issue. Did VMI represent a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause?

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