Brief Fact Summary. A New York statute excluded aliens from all government civil service jobs filled by competitive examination. It did not apply to higher office positions, however. The Appellees, Dougall and others (Appellees), challenged the constitutionality of the statute.
Synopsis of Rule of Law. Classifications made on the basis of alienage call for close judicial scrutiny.
Issue. Was New York’s flat statutory prohibition against the employment of aliens in its competitive civil servant jobs unconstitutional?
Held. Yes. The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
Justice Harry Blackmun (J. Blackmun) stated that a flat ban on the employment of aliens in positions that have little or no relationship to the State’s legitimate interest cannot withstand close judicial scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.
The Appellant, the state of New York’s (Appellant), justifications prove too much and too little. The State’s prohibition applies to jobs, e.g., sanitation workers, typists, where loyalty to the State isn’t essential. On the other hand, the statute does not apply to jobs for which loyalty to the State is indispensable. Aliens are a discrete insular minority, therefore, a classification based on alienage commands a closer means to ends fit then the New York statute provides.
The Supreme Court has stated that the Framers of the Constitution intended the States to keep for themselves, as provided in the Tenth Amendment, the power to regulate elections, and that each State has the power to prescribe the qualifications of its officers and the manner in which they shall be chosen.
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