Commonwealth v. Berkowitz

Table of Contents

Criminal Law Keyed to Dressler

Introduction: Setting The Stage
- Owens v. State
  93 Md. App. 162, 611 A.2d 1043;1992 Md. App.
- State v. Ragland
  105 N.J. 189, 519 A.2d 1361, 1986 N.J. 1259
Principles Of Punishment
- The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens
- People v. Superior Court (DU)
  5 Cal. App. 4th 822, 7 Cal. Rptr. 2d 177, 1992 Cal. App. 525, 92 Cal. Daily Op. Service 3464
- People v. DU
- United States v. Jackson
  835 F.2d 1195, 1987 U.S. App. 16817
- Coker v. Georgia
  433 U.S. 584, 97 S. Ct. 2861, 53 L. Ed. 2d 982, 1977 U.S. 146
- Ewing v. California
  538 U.S. 11, 123 S. Ct. 1179,155 L. Ed. 2d 108, 2003 U.S. 1952
- United States v. Gementera
  379 F.3d 596 (9th Cir. 2004)
Modern Role Of Criminal Statutes
- Commonwealth v. Mochan
  177 Pa. Super. 454, 110 A.2d 788, 1955 Pa. Super. 769
- Keeler v. Superior Court
  2 Cal.3d 619, 87 Cal.Rptr. 481, 470 P.2d 617 (1970)
- In re Banks
  295 N.C. 236, 244 S.E.2d 386, 1978 N.C. 988
- City of Chicago v. Morales
  527 U.S. 41, 119 S. Ct. 1849, 144 L. Ed. 2d 67, 1999 U.S. 4005
- United States v. Foster
  133 F.3d 704, 1998 U.S. App. 251, 98 Cal. Daily Op. Service 94
- Muscarello v. United States
  524 U.S. 125 (1998)
Actus Reus
- Martin v. State
  31 Ala. App. 334, 17 So. 2d 427; 1944 Ala. App. 298
- State v. Utter
  4 Wn. App. 137, 479 P.2d 946, 1971 Wash. App. 1303
- People v. Beardsley
  150 Mich. 206, 113 N.W. 1128, 1907 Mich. 779
- Barber v. Superior Court
  147 Cal. App. 3d 1006, 195 Cal. Rptr. 484, 1983 Cal. App.2256, 47 A.L.R.4th 1
Mens Rea
- United States v. Cordoba Hincapie
  825 F. Supp. 485, 1993 U.S. Dist. 9504
- Regina v. Cunningham
- People v. Conley
  187 Ill. App. 3d 234, 543 N.E.2d 138, 1989 Ill. App. 1154, 134 Ill. Dec. 855
- State v. Nations
  676 S.W.2d 282, 1984 Mo. App. 4784
- United States v. Morris
  928 F.2d 504, 1991 U.S. App. 3682
- United States v. Cordoba Hincapie
  825 F. Supp. 485, 1993 U.S. Dist. 9504
- Staples v. United States
  511 U.S. 600, 114 S. Ct. 1793, 128 L. Ed. 2d 608, 1994 U.S. 3773
- Garnett v. State
  332 Md. 571, 632 A.2d 797, 1993 Md. 162
- People v. Navarro
  99 Cal. App. 3d Supp. 1, 160 Cal. Rptr. 692, 1979 Cal. App. 237
- People v. Marrero
  69 N.Y.2d 382, 515 N.Y.S.2d 212, 507 N.E.2d 1068 (1987)
- Cheek v. United States
  498 U.S. 192, 111 S. Ct. 604, 112 L. Ed. 2d 617 (1991)
- Flores-Figueroa v. United States
  56 U.S., 129 S. Ct. 1886, 173 L.Ed.2d 853 (2009)
Causation
- Velazquez v. State
  561 So. 2d 347, 1990 Fla. App. 3000,15 Fla. L. Weekly D 1205
- Oxendine v. State
  528 A.2d 870, 1987 Del. 1175
- Kibbe v. Henderson
  534 F.2d 493, 1976 U.S. App. 11890
- State v. Rose
  112 R.I. 402, 311 A.2d 281,1973 R.I.998
- New York Central R.R. v. Grimstad
  264 F. 334, 1920 U.S. App. 1261
- Zuchowicz v. United States
  140 F.3d 381, 1998 U.S. App. 5366
- General Electric Co. v. Joiner
  522 U.S. 136, 118 S. Ct. 512, 139 L. Ed. 2d 508, 1997 U.S. 7503
- Herskovits v. Group Health Cooperative
  99 Wn.2d 609, 664 P.2d 474, 1983 Wash. 1564
- Kingston v. Chicago & N.W. Ry
  191 Wis. 610, 211 N.W. 913,1927 Wisc. 108
- Summers v. Tice
  33 Cal.2d 80, 199 P.2d 1 (1948)
- Skipworth v. Lead Industries Association
  547 Pa. 224, 690 A.2d 169,1997 Pa. 351, 69 A.L.R.5th 693
- Ryan v. New York Central R.R
  35 N.Y. 210, 1866 N.Y. 86
- Berry v. Sugar Notch Borough
  191 Pa. 345, 43 A. 240, 1899 Pa.
- Brower v. New York Central & H.R.R
  91 N.J.L. 190, 103 A. 166, 1918 N.J. 155, 1 A.L.R. 734
- Wagner v. International Ry. Co
  232 N.Y. 176, 133 N.E. 437,1921 N.Y. 490, 19 A.L.R. 1
- In re Polemis & Furness, Withy & Co
- Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R
  248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99 (1928)
- Marshall v. Nugent
  222 F.2d 604, 1955 U.S. App. 4810, 58 A.L.R.2d 251
- Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co., Ltd. (Wagon Mound (No. 1))
- Mitchell v. Rochester Railway
  151 N.Y. 107, 45 N.E. 354,1896 N.Y. 864
- Dillon v. Legg
  68 Cal. 2d 728, 441 P.2d 912,69 Cal. Rptr. 72, 1968 Cal. 201
- People v. Ridout
  Mich. Ct. App., 272 Mich. App. 602, 727 N.W.2d 630 (2006)
Criminal Homicide
- People v. Eulo
  63 N.Y.2d 341, 472 N.E.2d 286, 482 N.Y.S.2d 436, 1984 N.Y. 4663
- State v. Schrader
  172 W. Va. 1, 302 S.E.2d 70, 1982 W. Va. 692
- Midgett v. State
  292 Ark. 278, 729 S.W.2d 410,1987 Ark. 2123
- State v. Forrest
  321 N.C. 186, 362 S.E.2d 252, 1987 N.C. 2561
- Girouard v. State
  321 Md. 532, 583 A.2d 718, 1991 Md.12
- Director of Public Prosecutions v. Camplin
- People v. Casassa
  49 N.Y.2d 668, 404 N.E.2d 1310, 427 N.Y.S.2d 769, 1980 N.Y. 2190
- Berry v. Superior Court
  208 Cal. App. 3d 783; 256 Cal. Rptr. 344,1989 Cal. App. 188
- People v. Nieto Benitez
  4 Cal. 4th 91, 840 P.2d 969, 13 Cal. Rptr. 2d 864, 1992 Cal. 5775
- State v. Hernandez
  815 S.W.2d 67, 1991 Mo. App.
- State v. Williams
  4 Wn. App. 908, 484 P.2d 1167,1971 Wash. App.1461.
- People v. Fuller
  86 Cal. App. 3d 618, 150 Cal. Rptr. 515, 1978 Cal. App. 2109
- People v. Burroughs
  35 Cal. 3d 824, 678 P.2d 894,201 Cal. Rptr. 319, 1984 Cal. 168
- People v. Smith
  35 Cal. 3d 798, 678 P.2d 886,201 Cal. Rptr. 311, 1984 Cal. 166.
- State v. Sophophone
  270 Kan. 703, 19 P.3d 70, 2001 Kan. 149
- Gregg v. Georgia
  428 U.S. 153, 96 S. Ct. 2909, 49 L. Ed. 2d 859, 1976 U.S. 82
- McCleskey v. Kemp
  481 U.S. 279, 107 S. Ct. 1756,95 L. Ed. 2d 262, 1987 U.S. 1817
- Payne v. Tennessee
  501 U.S. 808, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 115 L. Ed. 2d 720, 1991 U.S. 3821
- Tison v. Arizona
  481 U.S. 137, 107 S. Ct. 1676, 95 L. Ed. 2d 127 (1987)
- Attorney General for Jersey v. Holley Government (P) v. Murder defendant (D)
  Privy Council, UKPC 23, 3 All. Eng. Rep. 371 (2005)
- People v. Howard
  Cal. Sup. Ct. 41 4th 139, 59 Cal. Rptr. 3d 157, 158 P.3d 731 (2007)
- People v. Knoller
  Cal. Sup. Ct., 34 Cal. 4th 1129, 104 P.3d 107 (2005)
Rape
- State v. Alston
  310 N.C. 399, 312 S.E.2d 470,1984 N.C. 1585
- Rusk v. State
  43 Md. App. 476, 406 A.2d 624,1979 Md. App. 398
- State v. Rusk
  289 Md. 230, 424 A.2d 720, 1981 Md. 165
- Commonwealth v. Berkowitz
  415 Pa. Super. 505, 609 A.2d 1338, 1992 Pa. Super.1377
- State of New Jersey in the Interest of M.T.S
  129 N.J. 422, 609 A.2d 1266, 1992 N.J. 420
- People v. John Z
  29 Cal. 4th 756, 60 P.3d 183, 128 Cal. Rptr. 2d 783, 2003 Cal.
- Commonwealth v. Sherry
  386 Mass. 682, 437 N.E.2d 224, 1982 Mass. 1560
- Boro v. Superior Court
  163 Cal. App. 3d 1224, 210 Cal. Rptr. 122, 1985 Cal. App. 1576
- State v. Herndon
  145 Wis. 2d 91, 426 N.W.2d 347,1988 Wisc. App. 461
- Lewis v. Wilkinson
  307 F.3d 413, 2002 U.S. App. 20952, 2002 FED App. 0350P (6th Cir.), 59 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 502
- Garnett v. State
  332 Md. 571, 632 A.2d 797, 1993 Md. 162
- State in the Interest of M.T.S
  129 N.J. 422, 609 A.2d 1266, 1992 N.J. 420
- State v. Rusk
  289 Md. 230, 424 A.2d 720, 1981 Md. 165
- People v. Evans
  85 Misc. 2d 1088, 379 N.Y.S.2d 912, 1975 N.Y. Misc. 3343
- Commonwealth v. Sherry
  386 Mass. 682, 437 N.E.2d 224, 1982 Mass. 1560
- Commonwealth v. Fischer
  721 A.2d 1111, 1998 Pa. Super. 3812
- People v. Liberta
  64 N.Y.2d 152, 474 N.E.2d 567, 485 N.Y.S.2d 207, 1984 N.Y. 4916
- United States v. Wiley
  492 F.2d 547, 160 U.S. App. D.C. 281; 1973 U.S. App. 7557
- State ex rel. Pope v. Superior Court
  113 Ariz. 22, 545 P.2d 946, 1976 Ariz. 218, 94 A.L.R.3d 246
- State v. DeLawder
  28 Md. App. 212, 344 A.2d 446,1975 Md. App. 361, 90 A.L.R.3d 1286
- Government of the Virgin Islands v. Scuito
  623 F.2d 869, 1980 U.S. App. 16286, 6 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. (Callaghan) 336; 17 V.I. 623
- People v. Wilhelm
  Mich. Ct. App., 190 Mich. App. 574, 476 N.W.2d 753 (1991)
- People v. Williams
  Cal. Sup. Ct., 4 Cal. 4th 354, 841 P.2d 961 (1992)
General Defenses To Crimes
- Patterson v. New York
  432 U.S. 197, 97 S. Ct. 2319, 53 L. Ed. 2d 281, 1977 U.S. 120
- United States v. Peterson
  483 F.2d 1222, 157 U.S. App. D.C. 219; 1973 U.S. App. 9082
- People v. Goetz
  68 N.Y.2d 96, 497 N.E.2d 41, 506 N.Y.S.2d 18, 1986 N.Y. 19388
- State v. Wanrow
  88 Wn.2d 221, 559 P.2d 548, 1977 Wash. 750
- State v. Norman
  89 N.C. App. 384, 366 S.E.2d 586, 1988 N.C. App. 262
- People v. Kurr
  253 Mich. App. 317, 654 N.W.2d 651,2002 Mich. App. 1380
- People v. Ceballos
  12 Cal. 3d 470, 526 P.2d 241,116 Cal. Rptr. 233, 1974 Cal. 240
- Tennessee v. Garner
  471 U.S. 1, 105 S. Ct. 1694, 85 L. Ed. 2d 1, 1985 U.S. 195
- Nelson v. State
  597 P.2d 977, 1979 Alas. 527
- United States v. Schoon
  971 F.2d 193,1992 U.S. App. 17598, 92 Daily Journal DAR 10820
- The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens
- United States v. Contento-Pachon
  723 F.2d 691, 1984 U.S. App. 26518,75 A.L.R. Fed. 711
- People v. Unger
  66 Ill. 2d 333, 362 N.E.2d 319, 1977 Ill. 258, 5 Ill. Dec. 848
- People v. Anderson
  28 Cal. 4th 767, 50 P.3d 368,122 Cal. Rptr. 2d 587, 2002 Cal. 4834
- Commonwealth v. Graves
  461 Pa. 118, 334 A.2d 661, 1975 Pa. 729
- United States v. Freeman
  357 F.2d 606, 1966 U.S. App. 7033
- State v. Johnson
  121 R.I. 254, 399 A.2d 469,1979 R.I. 1787, 9 A.L.R.4th 511
- State v. Wilson
  242 Conn. 605, 700 A.2d 633, 1997 Conn. 301
- State v. Green
  643 S.W.2d 902; 1982 Tenn. Crim. App. 470
- State v. Wilcox
  70 Ohio St. 2d 182, 436 N.E.2d 523,1982 Ohio 663, 24 Ohio Op. 3d 284
- In re Devon T
  85 Md. App. 674, 584 A.2d 1287, 1991 Md. App. 29
- People v. Kevorkian
  248 Mich. App. 373, 639 N.W.2d 291, 2001 Mich. App. 225
- Robinson v. California
  370 U.S. 660, 82 S. Ct. 1417, 8 L. Ed. 2d 758, 1962 U.S. 850
- Powell v. Texas
  392 U.S. 514, 88 S. Ct. 2145,20 L. Ed. 2d 1254, 1968 U.S. 1140
- State v. Kargar
  679 A.2d 81, 1996 Me. 162, 68 A.L.R.5th 751
Inchoate Offenses
- People v. Gentry
  157 Ill. App. 3d 899, 510 N.E.2d 963, 1987 Ill. App. 2785, 109 Ill. Dec. 895
- Bruce v. State
  317 Md. 642, 566 A.2d 103, 1989 Md. 159
- United States v. Mandujano
  499 F.2d 370, 1974 U.S. App. 7160
- Commonwealth v. Peaslee
  177 Mass. 267, 59 N.E. 55, 1901 Mass. 627
- People v. Rizzo
  246 N.Y. 334, 158 N.E. 888 (1927)
- People v. Miller
  2 Cal. 2d 527, 42 P.2d 308, 1935 Cal. 359, 98 A.L.R. 913
- State v. Reeves
  916 S.W.2d 909, 1996 Tenn. 119
- United States v. Alkhabaz
  104 F.3d 1492, 1997 U.S. App. 1353.
- People v. Thousand
  465 Mich. 149, 631 N.W.2d 694, 2001 Mich. 1210
- Commonwealth v. McCloskey
  234 Pa. Super. 577, 341 A.2d 500, 1975 Pa. Super. 1564
- State v. Mann
  317 N.C. 164, 345 S.E.2d 365, 1986 N.C. 2781
- State v. Cotton
  109 N.M. 769, 790 P.2d 1050, 1990 N.M. App. 16
- People v. Carter
  415 Mich. 558, 330 N.W.2d 314,1982 Mich. 598.
- Pinkerton v. United States
  328 U.S. 640, 66 S. Ct. 1180, 90 L. Ed. 1489, 1946 U.S. 3154
- Krulewitch v. United States
  336 U.S. 440, 69 S. Ct. 716,93 L. Ed. 790, 1949 U.S. 3006
- People v. Swain
  12 Cal. 4th 593, 909 P.2d 994, 49 Cal. Rptr. 2d 390, 1996 Cal. 198
- People v. Lauria
  251 Cal. App. 2d 471, 59 Cal. Rptr. 628,1967 Cal. App. 1995
- Commonwealth v. Azim
  313 Pa. Super. 310, 459 A.2d 1244, 1983 Pa. Super. 2789
- Commonwealth v. Cook
  10 Mass. App. Ct. 668, 411 N.E.2d 1326, 1980 Mass. App. 1374
- People v. Foster
  99 Ill. 2d 48, 457 N.E.2d 405, 1983 Ill. 499, 75 Ill. Dec. 411
- Kilgore v. State
  251 Ga. 291, 305 S.E.2d 82, 1983 Ga. 754
- Braverman v. United States
  317 U.S. 49, 63 S. Ct. 99, 87 L. Ed. 23, 1942 U.S. 1198
- Iannelli v. United States
  420 U.S. 770, 95 S. Ct. 1284, 43 L. Ed. 2d 616, 1975 U.S. 52
- Gebardi v. United States
  287 U.S. 112, 53 S. Ct. 35, 77 L. Ed. 206, 1932 U.S. 825
- People v. Sconce
  228 Cal. App. 3d 693, 279 Cal. Rptr. 59, 1991 Cal. App. 255, 91 Cal. Daily Op. Service 1964
Liability For The Conduct Of Another
- State v. Ward
  284 Md. 189, 396 A.2d 1041, 1978 Md. 465
- State v. Hoselton
  179 W. Va. 645, 371 S.E.2d 366, 1988 W. Va. 111
- People v. Lauria
  251 Cal. App. 2d 471, 59 Cal. Rptr. 628, 1967 Cal. App. 1995
- Riley v. State
  60 P.3d 204, 2002 Alas. App. 251
- State v. Linscott
  520 A.2d 1067, 1987 Me. 603
- State v. Vaillancourt
  122 N.H. 1153, 453 A.2d 1327, 1982 N.H. 530
- Wilcox v. Jeffery
- State v. Helmenstein
  163 N.W.2d 85, 1968 N.D. 96
- People v. Genoa
  188 Mich. App. 461, 470 N.W.2d 447, 1991 Mich. App. 157
- Bailey v. Commonwealth
  229 Va. 258, 329 S.E.2d 37, 1985 Va. 201
- United States v. Lopez
  662 F. Supp. 1083, 1987 U.S. Dist. 5565
- People v. McCoy
  25 Cal. 4th 1111, 24 P.3d 1210, 108 Cal. Rptr. 2d 188, 2001 Cal. 3791
- In re Megan R
  42 Cal. App. 4th 17, 49 Cal. Rptr. 2d 325, 1996 Cal. App. 70, 96 Cal. Daily Op. Service 682
- People v. Brown
  90 Ill. App. 3d 742, 414 N.E.2d 475, 1980 Ill. App. 4290, 46 Ill. Dec. 591
- Commonwealth v. Koczwara
  397 Pa. 575, 155 A.2d 825, 1959 Pa. 493
- State v. Christy Pontiac-GMC, Inc
  354 N.W.2d 17, 1984 Minn. 1448
- State v. Formella
  N.H. Sup. Ct., 158 N.H. 114, 960 A.2d 722 (2008)
- State v. V.T.
  Utah Ct. App., 2000 Utah Ct. App. 189, 5.3d 1234 (2000)
Theft
- Lee v. State
  59 Md. App. 28, 474 A.2d 537, 1984 Md. App. 359
- Rex v. Chisser
- United States v. Mafnas
  701 F.2d 83, 1983 U.S. App. 29867
- Topolewski v. State
  130 Wis. 244, 109 N.W. 1037, 1906 Wisc. 29
- Rex v. Pear
  1 Leach 212, 168 Eng.Rep. 208 (Central Criminal Court, 1779)
- Brooks v. State
  35 Ohio St. 46, 1878 Ohio 118
- Lund v. Commonwealth
  217 Va. 688, 232 S.E.2d 745, 1977 Va. 224
- People v. Brown
  105 Cal. 66, 38 P. 518, 1894 Cal. 1111
- People v. Davis
  19 Cal. 4th 301, 965 P.2d 1165, 79 Cal. Rptr. 2d 295, 1998 Cal. 6883
- Rex v. Bazeley
  2 Leach 835, 168 Eng.Rep. 517 (Central Criminal Court, 1799)
- People v. Ingram
  65 Cal. App. 4th 500, 76 Cal. Rptr. 2d 553, 1998 Cal. App. 614, 98 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5431
- People v. Whight
  36 Cal. App. 4th 1143, 43 Cal. Rptr. 2d 163, 1995 Cal. App. 665, 95 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5606
- United States v. Czubinski
  106 F.3d 1069, 1997 U.S. App. 3077, 97-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) P50,622; 79 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 1664

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Criminal Law Keyed to Dressler

Introduction: Setting The Stage
- Owens v. State
  93 Md. App. 162, 611 A.2d 1043;1992 Md. App.
- State v. Ragland
  105 N.J. 189, 519 A.2d 1361, 1986 N.J. 1259
Principles Of Punishment
- The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens
- People v. Superior Court (DU)
  5 Cal. App. 4th 822, 7 Cal. Rptr. 2d 177, 1992 Cal. App. 525, 92 Cal. Daily Op. Service 3464
- People v. DU
- United States v. Jackson
  835 F.2d 1195, 1987 U.S. App. 16817
- Coker v. Georgia
  433 U.S. 584, 97 S. Ct. 2861, 53 L. Ed. 2d 982, 1977 U.S. 146
- Ewing v. California
  538 U.S. 11, 123 S. Ct. 1179,155 L. Ed. 2d 108, 2003 U.S. 1952
- United States v. Gementera
  379 F.3d 596 (9th Cir. 2004)
Modern Role Of Criminal Statutes
- Commonwealth v. Mochan
  177 Pa. Super. 454, 110 A.2d 788, 1955 Pa. Super. 769
- Keeler v. Superior Court
  2 Cal.3d 619, 87 Cal.Rptr. 481, 470 P.2d 617 (1970)
- In re Banks
  295 N.C. 236, 244 S.E.2d 386, 1978 N.C. 988
- City of Chicago v. Morales
  527 U.S. 41, 119 S. Ct. 1849, 144 L. Ed. 2d 67, 1999 U.S. 4005
- United States v. Foster
  133 F.3d 704, 1998 U.S. App. 251, 98 Cal. Daily Op. Service 94
- Muscarello v. United States
  524 U.S. 125 (1998)
Actus Reus
- Martin v. State
  31 Ala. App. 334, 17 So. 2d 427; 1944 Ala. App. 298
- State v. Utter
  4 Wn. App. 137, 479 P.2d 946, 1971 Wash. App. 1303
- People v. Beardsley
  150 Mich. 206, 113 N.W. 1128, 1907 Mich. 779
- Barber v. Superior Court
  147 Cal. App. 3d 1006, 195 Cal. Rptr. 484, 1983 Cal. App.2256, 47 A.L.R.4th 1
Mens Rea
- United States v. Cordoba Hincapie
  825 F. Supp. 485, 1993 U.S. Dist. 9504
- Regina v. Cunningham
- People v. Conley
  187 Ill. App. 3d 234, 543 N.E.2d 138, 1989 Ill. App. 1154, 134 Ill. Dec. 855
- State v. Nations
  676 S.W.2d 282, 1984 Mo. App. 4784
- United States v. Morris
  928 F.2d 504, 1991 U.S. App. 3682
- United States v. Cordoba Hincapie
  825 F. Supp. 485, 1993 U.S. Dist. 9504
- Staples v. United States
  511 U.S. 600, 114 S. Ct. 1793, 128 L. Ed. 2d 608, 1994 U.S. 3773
- Garnett v. State
  332 Md. 571, 632 A.2d 797, 1993 Md. 162
- People v. Navarro
  99 Cal. App. 3d Supp. 1, 160 Cal. Rptr. 692, 1979 Cal. App. 237
- People v. Marrero
  69 N.Y.2d 382, 515 N.Y.S.2d 212, 507 N.E.2d 1068 (1987)
- Cheek v. United States
  498 U.S. 192, 111 S. Ct. 604, 112 L. Ed. 2d 617 (1991)
- Flores-Figueroa v. United States
  56 U.S., 129 S. Ct. 1886, 173 L.Ed.2d 853 (2009)
Causation
- Velazquez v. State
  561 So. 2d 347, 1990 Fla. App. 3000,15 Fla. L. Weekly D 1205
- Oxendine v. State
  528 A.2d 870, 1987 Del. 1175
- Kibbe v. Henderson
  534 F.2d 493, 1976 U.S. App. 11890
- State v. Rose
  112 R.I. 402, 311 A.2d 281,1973 R.I.998
- New York Central R.R. v. Grimstad
  264 F. 334, 1920 U.S. App. 1261
- Zuchowicz v. United States
  140 F.3d 381, 1998 U.S. App. 5366
- General Electric Co. v. Joiner
  522 U.S. 136, 118 S. Ct. 512, 139 L. Ed. 2d 508, 1997 U.S. 7503
- Herskovits v. Group Health Cooperative
  99 Wn.2d 609, 664 P.2d 474, 1983 Wash. 1564
- Kingston v. Chicago & N.W. Ry
  191 Wis. 610, 211 N.W. 913,1927 Wisc. 108
- Summers v. Tice
  33 Cal.2d 80, 199 P.2d 1 (1948)
- Skipworth v. Lead Industries Association
  547 Pa. 224, 690 A.2d 169,1997 Pa. 351, 69 A.L.R.5th 693
- Ryan v. New York Central R.R
  35 N.Y. 210, 1866 N.Y. 86
- Berry v. Sugar Notch Borough
  191 Pa. 345, 43 A. 240, 1899 Pa.
- Brower v. New York Central & H.R.R
  91 N.J.L. 190, 103 A. 166, 1918 N.J. 155, 1 A.L.R. 734
- Wagner v. International Ry. Co
  232 N.Y. 176, 133 N.E. 437,1921 N.Y. 490, 19 A.L.R. 1
- In re Polemis & Furness, Withy & Co
- Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R
  248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99 (1928)
- Marshall v. Nugent
  222 F.2d 604, 1955 U.S. App. 4810, 58 A.L.R.2d 251
- Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co., Ltd. (Wagon Mound (No. 1))
- Mitchell v. Rochester Railway
  151 N.Y. 107, 45 N.E. 354,1896 N.Y. 864
- Dillon v. Legg
  68 Cal. 2d 728, 441 P.2d 912,69 Cal. Rptr. 72, 1968 Cal. 201
- People v. Ridout
  Mich. Ct. App., 272 Mich. App. 602, 727 N.W.2d 630 (2006)
Criminal Homicide
- People v. Eulo
  63 N.Y.2d 341, 472 N.E.2d 286, 482 N.Y.S.2d 436, 1984 N.Y. 4663
- State v. Schrader
  172 W. Va. 1, 302 S.E.2d 70, 1982 W. Va. 692
- Midgett v. State
  292 Ark. 278, 729 S.W.2d 410,1987 Ark. 2123
- State v. Forrest
  321 N.C. 186, 362 S.E.2d 252, 1987 N.C. 2561
- Girouard v. State
  321 Md. 532, 583 A.2d 718, 1991 Md.12
- Director of Public Prosecutions v. Camplin
- People v. Casassa
  49 N.Y.2d 668, 404 N.E.2d 1310, 427 N.Y.S.2d 769, 1980 N.Y. 2190
- Berry v. Superior Court
  208 Cal. App. 3d 783; 256 Cal. Rptr. 344,1989 Cal. App. 188
- People v. Nieto Benitez
  4 Cal. 4th 91, 840 P.2d 969, 13 Cal. Rptr. 2d 864, 1992 Cal. 5775
- State v. Hernandez
  815 S.W.2d 67, 1991 Mo. App.
- State v. Williams
  4 Wn. App. 908, 484 P.2d 1167,1971 Wash. App.1461.
- People v. Fuller
  86 Cal. App. 3d 618, 150 Cal. Rptr. 515, 1978 Cal. App. 2109
- People v. Burroughs
  35 Cal. 3d 824, 678 P.2d 894,201 Cal. Rptr. 319, 1984 Cal. 168
- People v. Smith
  35 Cal. 3d 798, 678 P.2d 886,201 Cal. Rptr. 311, 1984 Cal. 166.
- State v. Sophophone
  270 Kan. 703, 19 P.3d 70, 2001 Kan. 149
- Gregg v. Georgia
  428 U.S. 153, 96 S. Ct. 2909, 49 L. Ed. 2d 859, 1976 U.S. 82
- McCleskey v. Kemp
  481 U.S. 279, 107 S. Ct. 1756,95 L. Ed. 2d 262, 1987 U.S. 1817
- Payne v. Tennessee
  501 U.S. 808, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 115 L. Ed. 2d 720, 1991 U.S. 3821
- Tison v. Arizona
  481 U.S. 137, 107 S. Ct. 1676, 95 L. Ed. 2d 127 (1987)
- Attorney General for Jersey v. Holley Government (P) v. Murder defendant (D)
  Privy Council, UKPC 23, 3 All. Eng. Rep. 371 (2005)
- People v. Howard
  Cal. Sup. Ct. 41 4th 139, 59 Cal. Rptr. 3d 157, 158 P.3d 731 (2007)
- People v. Knoller
  Cal. Sup. Ct., 34 Cal. 4th 1129, 104 P.3d 107 (2005)
Rape
- State v. Alston
  310 N.C. 399, 312 S.E.2d 470,1984 N.C. 1585
- Rusk v. State
  43 Md. App. 476, 406 A.2d 624,1979 Md. App. 398
- State v. Rusk
  289 Md. 230, 424 A.2d 720, 1981 Md. 165
- Commonwealth v. Berkowitz
  415 Pa. Super. 505, 609 A.2d 1338, 1992 Pa. Super.1377
- State of New Jersey in the Interest of M.T.S
  129 N.J. 422, 609 A.2d 1266, 1992 N.J. 420
- People v. John Z
  29 Cal. 4th 756, 60 P.3d 183, 128 Cal. Rptr. 2d 783, 2003 Cal.
- Commonwealth v. Sherry
  386 Mass. 682, 437 N.E.2d 224, 1982 Mass. 1560
- Boro v. Superior Court
  163 Cal. App. 3d 1224, 210 Cal. Rptr. 122, 1985 Cal. App. 1576
- State v. Herndon
  145 Wis. 2d 91, 426 N.W.2d 347,1988 Wisc. App. 461
- Lewis v. Wilkinson
  307 F.3d 413, 2002 U.S. App. 20952, 2002 FED App. 0350P (6th Cir.), 59 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 502
- Garnett v. State
  332 Md. 571, 632 A.2d 797, 1993 Md. 162
- State in the Interest of M.T.S
  129 N.J. 422, 609 A.2d 1266, 1992 N.J. 420
- State v. Rusk
  289 Md. 230, 424 A.2d 720, 1981 Md. 165
- People v. Evans
  85 Misc. 2d 1088, 379 N.Y.S.2d 912, 1975 N.Y. Misc. 3343
- Commonwealth v. Sherry
  386 Mass. 682, 437 N.E.2d 224, 1982 Mass. 1560
- Commonwealth v. Fischer
  721 A.2d 1111, 1998 Pa. Super. 3812
- People v. Liberta
  64 N.Y.2d 152, 474 N.E.2d 567, 485 N.Y.S.2d 207, 1984 N.Y. 4916
- United States v. Wiley
  492 F.2d 547, 160 U.S. App. D.C. 281; 1973 U.S. App. 7557
- State ex rel. Pope v. Superior Court
  113 Ariz. 22, 545 P.2d 946, 1976 Ariz. 218, 94 A.L.R.3d 246
- State v. DeLawder
  28 Md. App. 212, 344 A.2d 446,1975 Md. App. 361, 90 A.L.R.3d 1286
- Government of the Virgin Islands v. Scuito
  623 F.2d 869, 1980 U.S. App. 16286, 6 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. (Callaghan) 336; 17 V.I. 623
- People v. Wilhelm
  Mich. Ct. App., 190 Mich. App. 574, 476 N.W.2d 753 (1991)
- People v. Williams
  Cal. Sup. Ct., 4 Cal. 4th 354, 841 P.2d 961 (1992)
General Defenses To Crimes
- Patterson v. New York
  432 U.S. 197, 97 S. Ct. 2319, 53 L. Ed. 2d 281, 1977 U.S. 120
- United States v. Peterson
  483 F.2d 1222, 157 U.S. App. D.C. 219; 1973 U.S. App. 9082
- People v. Goetz
  68 N.Y.2d 96, 497 N.E.2d 41, 506 N.Y.S.2d 18, 1986 N.Y. 19388
- State v. Wanrow
  88 Wn.2d 221, 559 P.2d 548, 1977 Wash. 750
- State v. Norman
  89 N.C. App. 384, 366 S.E.2d 586, 1988 N.C. App. 262
- People v. Kurr
  253 Mich. App. 317, 654 N.W.2d 651,2002 Mich. App. 1380
- People v. Ceballos
  12 Cal. 3d 470, 526 P.2d 241,116 Cal. Rptr. 233, 1974 Cal. 240
- Tennessee v. Garner
  471 U.S. 1, 105 S. Ct. 1694, 85 L. Ed. 2d 1, 1985 U.S. 195
- Nelson v. State
  597 P.2d 977, 1979 Alas. 527
- United States v. Schoon
  971 F.2d 193,1992 U.S. App. 17598, 92 Daily Journal DAR 10820
- The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens
- United States v. Contento-Pachon
  723 F.2d 691, 1984 U.S. App. 26518,75 A.L.R. Fed. 711
- People v. Unger
  66 Ill. 2d 333, 362 N.E.2d 319, 1977 Ill. 258, 5 Ill. Dec. 848
- People v. Anderson
  28 Cal. 4th 767, 50 P.3d 368,122 Cal. Rptr. 2d 587, 2002 Cal. 4834
- Commonwealth v. Graves
  461 Pa. 118, 334 A.2d 661, 1975 Pa. 729
- United States v. Freeman
  357 F.2d 606, 1966 U.S. App. 7033
- State v. Johnson
  121 R.I. 254, 399 A.2d 469,1979 R.I. 1787, 9 A.L.R.4th 511
- State v. Wilson
  242 Conn. 605, 700 A.2d 633, 1997 Conn. 301
- State v. Green
  643 S.W.2d 902; 1982 Tenn. Crim. App. 470
- State v. Wilcox
  70 Ohio St. 2d 182, 436 N.E.2d 523,1982 Ohio 663, 24 Ohio Op. 3d 284
- In re Devon T
  85 Md. App. 674, 584 A.2d 1287, 1991 Md. App. 29
- People v. Kevorkian
  248 Mich. App. 373, 639 N.W.2d 291, 2001 Mich. App. 225
- Robinson v. California
  370 U.S. 660, 82 S. Ct. 1417, 8 L. Ed. 2d 758, 1962 U.S. 850
- Powell v. Texas
  392 U.S. 514, 88 S. Ct. 2145,20 L. Ed. 2d 1254, 1968 U.S. 1140
- State v. Kargar
  679 A.2d 81, 1996 Me. 162, 68 A.L.R.5th 751
Inchoate Offenses
- People v. Gentry
  157 Ill. App. 3d 899, 510 N.E.2d 963, 1987 Ill. App. 2785, 109 Ill. Dec. 895
- Bruce v. State
  317 Md. 642, 566 A.2d 103, 1989 Md. 159
- United States v. Mandujano
  499 F.2d 370, 1974 U.S. App. 7160
- Commonwealth v. Peaslee
  177 Mass. 267, 59 N.E. 55, 1901 Mass. 627
- People v. Rizzo
  246 N.Y. 334, 158 N.E. 888 (1927)
- People v. Miller
  2 Cal. 2d 527, 42 P.2d 308, 1935 Cal. 359, 98 A.L.R. 913
- State v. Reeves
  916 S.W.2d 909, 1996 Tenn. 119
- United States v. Alkhabaz
  104 F.3d 1492, 1997 U.S. App. 1353.
- People v. Thousand
  465 Mich. 149, 631 N.W.2d 694, 2001 Mich. 1210
- Commonwealth v. McCloskey
  234 Pa. Super. 577, 341 A.2d 500, 1975 Pa. Super. 1564
- State v. Mann
  317 N.C. 164, 345 S.E.2d 365, 1986 N.C. 2781
- State v. Cotton
  109 N.M. 769, 790 P.2d 1050, 1990 N.M. App. 16
- People v. Carter
  415 Mich. 558, 330 N.W.2d 314,1982 Mich. 598.
- Pinkerton v. United States
  328 U.S. 640, 66 S. Ct. 1180, 90 L. Ed. 1489, 1946 U.S. 3154
- Krulewitch v. United States
  336 U.S. 440, 69 S. Ct. 716,93 L. Ed. 790, 1949 U.S. 3006
- People v. Swain
  12 Cal. 4th 593, 909 P.2d 994, 49 Cal. Rptr. 2d 390, 1996 Cal. 198
- People v. Lauria
  251 Cal. App. 2d 471, 59 Cal. Rptr. 628,1967 Cal. App. 1995
- Commonwealth v. Azim
  313 Pa. Super. 310, 459 A.2d 1244, 1983 Pa. Super. 2789
- Commonwealth v. Cook
  10 Mass. App. Ct. 668, 411 N.E.2d 1326, 1980 Mass. App. 1374
- People v. Foster
  99 Ill. 2d 48, 457 N.E.2d 405, 1983 Ill. 499, 75 Ill. Dec. 411
- Kilgore v. State
  251 Ga. 291, 305 S.E.2d 82, 1983 Ga. 754
- Braverman v. United States
  317 U.S. 49, 63 S. Ct. 99, 87 L. Ed. 23, 1942 U.S. 1198
- Iannelli v. United States
  420 U.S. 770, 95 S. Ct. 1284, 43 L. Ed. 2d 616, 1975 U.S. 52
- Gebardi v. United States
  287 U.S. 112, 53 S. Ct. 35, 77 L. Ed. 206, 1932 U.S. 825
- People v. Sconce
  228 Cal. App. 3d 693, 279 Cal. Rptr. 59, 1991 Cal. App. 255, 91 Cal. Daily Op. Service 1964
Liability For The Conduct Of Another
- State v. Ward
  284 Md. 189, 396 A.2d 1041, 1978 Md. 465
- State v. Hoselton
  179 W. Va. 645, 371 S.E.2d 366, 1988 W. Va. 111
- People v. Lauria
  251 Cal. App. 2d 471, 59 Cal. Rptr. 628, 1967 Cal. App. 1995
- Riley v. State
  60 P.3d 204, 2002 Alas. App. 251
- State v. Linscott
  520 A.2d 1067, 1987 Me. 603
- State v. Vaillancourt
  122 N.H. 1153, 453 A.2d 1327, 1982 N.H. 530
- Wilcox v. Jeffery
- State v. Helmenstein
  163 N.W.2d 85, 1968 N.D. 96
- People v. Genoa
  188 Mich. App. 461, 470 N.W.2d 447, 1991 Mich. App. 157
- Bailey v. Commonwealth
  229 Va. 258, 329 S.E.2d 37, 1985 Va. 201
- United States v. Lopez
  662 F. Supp. 1083, 1987 U.S. Dist. 5565
- People v. McCoy
  25 Cal. 4th 1111, 24 P.3d 1210, 108 Cal. Rptr. 2d 188, 2001 Cal. 3791
- In re Megan R
  42 Cal. App. 4th 17, 49 Cal. Rptr. 2d 325, 1996 Cal. App. 70, 96 Cal. Daily Op. Service 682
- People v. Brown
  90 Ill. App. 3d 742, 414 N.E.2d 475, 1980 Ill. App. 4290, 46 Ill. Dec. 591
- Commonwealth v. Koczwara
  397 Pa. 575, 155 A.2d 825, 1959 Pa. 493
- State v. Christy Pontiac-GMC, Inc
  354 N.W.2d 17, 1984 Minn. 1448
- State v. Formella
  N.H. Sup. Ct., 158 N.H. 114, 960 A.2d 722 (2008)
- State v. V.T.
  Utah Ct. App., 2000 Utah Ct. App. 189, 5.3d 1234 (2000)
Theft
- Lee v. State
  59 Md. App. 28, 474 A.2d 537, 1984 Md. App. 359
- Rex v. Chisser
- United States v. Mafnas
  701 F.2d 83, 1983 U.S. App. 29867
- Topolewski v. State
  130 Wis. 244, 109 N.W. 1037, 1906 Wisc. 29
- Rex v. Pear
  1 Leach 212, 168 Eng.Rep. 208 (Central Criminal Court, 1779)
- Brooks v. State
  35 Ohio St. 46, 1878 Ohio 118
- Lund v. Commonwealth
  217 Va. 688, 232 S.E.2d 745, 1977 Va. 224
- People v. Brown
  105 Cal. 66, 38 P. 518, 1894 Cal. 1111
- People v. Davis
  19 Cal. 4th 301, 965 P.2d 1165, 79 Cal. Rptr. 2d 295, 1998 Cal. 6883
- Rex v. Bazeley
  2 Leach 835, 168 Eng.Rep. 517 (Central Criminal Court, 1799)
- People v. Ingram
  65 Cal. App. 4th 500, 76 Cal. Rptr. 2d 553, 1998 Cal. App. 614, 98 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5431
- People v. Whight
  36 Cal. App. 4th 1143, 43 Cal. Rptr. 2d 163, 1995 Cal. App. 665, 95 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5606
- United States v. Czubinski
  106 F.3d 1069, 1997 U.S. App. 3077, 97-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) P50,622; 79 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 1664

View this case and other resources at:

Citation. 415 Pa. Super. 505, 609 A.2d 1338, 1992 Pa. Super.1377.

Brief Fact Summary. The Defendant, Berkowitz (Defendant), was convicted by jury of rape. While the victim said no to the Defendant’s advances, there was no evidence of force or threats made by the Defendant.

Synopsis of Rule of Law. The “forcible compulsion” required to sustain a conviction for rape in Pennsylvania must be more than verbal resistance, i.e. threat or actual force.

Facts. The Defendant and the victim were college sophomores at East Stroudsburg State University. On the afternoon in question, the victim proceeded to her boyfriend’s dormitory lounge to meet him. He had not yet arrived, so the victim walked up to the Defendant’s room to look for his roommate, Earl Hassel (Mr. Hassel), who is a friend of the victim. She knocked on the door several times but received no answer. After writing a brief note to Mr. Hassel, she knocked again. She still received no answer, so she tried the doorknob, which was unlocked. The victim entered the room and saw someone lying on the bed with a pillow over his head, whom she thought was Earl Hassel. Instead, it was the defendant. The victim asked which dresser was Mr. Hassel’s and she left the note she had written. The Defendant then asked the victim to “hang out for a while.” She complied. Thereafter, the Defendant began to make certain advances at the victim such as kissing her and lifting up her shirt and bra an
d fondling her. The victim then said no. The victim never physically resisted the Defendant, but she did repeatedly verbally protest. The Defendant and the victim then engaged in sexual intercourse.

Issue. Does the evidence presented establish “forcible compulsion,” as required by the Pennsylvania rape statute?

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Commonwealth v. Berkowitz

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