Brief Fact Summary. Therasense, Inc. (Plaintiff) and its parent company, Abbott (Plaintiff), petitioned for a rehearing following the court of appeals affirmation of the district court’s judgment that Plaintiff’s ‘551 patent was unenforceable as a consequence of inequitable conduct. Plaintiffs argued that the court of appeals had applied an overbroad legal standard for inequitable conduct.
Synopsis of Rule of Law.The standard for inequitable conduct must be tightly drawn, where the standard for intent is that the applicant knew of the reference, knew that it was material, and made an intentional decision to withhold it, and the standard for materiality generally is but-for materiality except in cases of affirmative egregious misconduct, where such conduct is considered material.
Issue. Must he standard for inequitable conduct be tightly drawn, where the standard for intent is that the applicant knew of the reference, knew that it was material, and made an intentional decision to withhold it, and the standard for materiality generally is but-for materiality except in cases of affirmative egregious misconduct, where such conduct is deemed material?
Held. (Rader, C.J.) Yes. The standard for inequitable conduct must be tightly drawn, where the standard for intent is that the applicant knew of the reference, knew that it was material, and made an intentional decision to withhold it, and the standard for materiality generally is but-for materiality except in cases of affirmative egregious misconduct, where such conduct is considered material. Inequitable conduct is an equitable defense to patent infringement that, when proven, bars enforcement of a patent. This judge-made doctrine evolved over time from Supreme Court cases that applied the doctrine of unclean hands to dismiss patent cases involving egregious misconduct, including perjury, manufacturing false evidence, and suppressing evidence. The doctrine was broadened to include not only egregious affirmative acts of misconduct intended to deceive both the PTO and the courts but also the mere nondisclosure of information to the PTO. The remedy also became harsher: unenforceability of the entire patent, rather than mere dismissal of an action. In line with this wider scope and stronger remedy, the doctrine came to require a finding by clear and convincing evidence of both intent to deceive and materiality. Therefore, for the accused infringer to prevail under the doctrine, it must be proved that the applicant misrepresented or omitted material information with the specific intent to deceive the PTO. However, the standards for intent and materiality have fluctuated over time, sometimes being drawn broadly, and at other times being drawn narrowly. Since the remedy for inequitable conduct is so strong, the standards for these elements must be narrowly and tightly drawn. Therefore, the standard for intent is that the applicant knew of the reference, knew that it was material, and made a deliberate decision to withhold it. In other words, the evidence must show that the applicant made a deliberate decision to withhold a known material reference. A district court should not use a “sliding scale,†where a weak showing of intent may be found sufficient based on a strong showing of materiality, and vice versa. Also, a district court may not infer intent from materiality only. Rather, a court must weigh the evidence of intent to deceive independent of its analysis of materiality. Proving that the applicant knew of a reference, should have known of its materiality, and decided not to submit it to the PTO does not prove specific intent to deceive. Intent may be inferred from indirect and circumstantial evidence, but only where such intent is the single most reasonable interpretation able to be drawn from the evidence. Therefore, if there are multiple reasonable interpretations that may be drawn, intent to deceive cannot be found. The standard for materiality generally is but-for materiality. When an applicant fails to disclose prior art to the PTO, that prior art is but-for material if the PTO would not have allowed a claim if it had known of the undisclosed prior art. Therefore, in assessing the materiality of a withheld reference, the court must determine, based on a preponderance of the evidence, whether the PTO would have allowed the claim if it had been aware of the undisclosed reference. Where a district court invalidates a claim on the basis of a deliberately withheld reference, then ipso facto that reference is material, since the court is applying a higher evidentiary standard than used by the PTO. However, even if the court does not invalidate the claim on the basis of a deliberately withheld reference, the reference nevertheless may be material if it would have blocked patent issuance under the PTO’s lower evidentiary standards. If the patent would have issued in spite of the deliberately withheld reference, the doctrine should not be applied, since no benefit would be gained by the patentee’s misconduct. One exception to this general requirement of but-for materiality arises when there is affirmative egregious misconduct. In such cases, the misconduct is material since it is not likely that the patentee will have tried hard to deceive the PTO with a falsehood unless it believes that the falsehood will affect issuance of the patent. So, applying these standards, on remand the district court should determine whether the PTO would not have granted the patent except for Abbott’s () failure to disclose the EPO briefs.  In particular, the district court must determine whether the PTO would have found Abbott’s (Plaintiff) agents’ submissions unpersuasive in overcoming the obviousness rejection over the ‘382 patent if Abbott had disclosed the EPO briefs. In addition, the district court should determine whether there is clear and convincing evidence demonstrating that Sanghera or Pope knew of the EPO briefs, knew of their materiality, and deceived the PTO with a conscious decision not to disclose them. [Vacated and remanded as to the inequitable conduct issue.
All that is necessary is that the facts withheld be material in the sense that a reasonable investor might have considered them important in the making of this decision.
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