Preface |
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Casebook Correlation Chart |
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Capsule Summary |
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Chapter 1 SOME BASIC ISSUES IN CRIMINAL LAW |
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I. |
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW |
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A. |
Nature of criminal law |
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B. |
What is a “crime” |
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C. |
Felonies vs. misdemeanors |
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D. |
Theories of punishment |
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1. |
Utilitarianism |
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2. |
Retributivism |
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E. |
Types of punishment |
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1. |
“Shaming” punishments |
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II. |
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS ON PUNISHMENT |
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A. |
The U.S. Constitution generally |
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1. |
Bill of Rights |
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2. |
Extension of Bill of Rights to the states |
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B. |
The “legality” principle |
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1. |
Constitutional underpinnings |
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2. |
The problem of vagueness |
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C. |
The principle of proportionality |
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1. |
Retributivists |
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2. |
The Eighth Amendment |
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D. |
Capital punishment (the death penalty) |
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E. |
Life Without Parole (“LWOP”) |
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F. |
Prison sentences short of LWOP |
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III. |
SOURCES OF CRIMINAL LAW |
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A. |
Common law in England |
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B. |
Rise of statutes |
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C. |
The Model Penal Code |
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D. |
Statutory construction |
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1. |
Common-law term |
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2. |
The “rule” of lenity |
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Chapter 2 ACTUS REUS AND MENS REA |
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I. |
ACTUS REUS |
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A. |
Significance of “actus reus” concept |
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B. |
Distinguished from thoughts, words, possession and status |
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1. |
Statement of intent made to third party |
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2. |
Possession as criminal act |
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3. |
Status |
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C. |
Act must be voluntary |
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1. |
Model Penal Code examples |
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2. |
Reflex or convulsion |
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3. |
Unconsciousness |
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4. |
Hypnotism |
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5. |
Self-induced state |
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D. |
Omissions |
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1. |
Distinguished from affirmative acts |
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2. |
Limited liability for omissions |
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3. |
Statutory requirement |
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4. |
Existence of “legal duty” |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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II. |
MENS REA |
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A. |
Introduction |
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B. |
General versus specific intent |
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1. |
“General intent” |
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2. |
Specific intent |
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C. |
Common law vs. statutory crimes |
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D. |
Presumption of intent |
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E. |
Different states of mind |
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F. |
“Purposely” |
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G. |
“Knowingly” |
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H. |
“Recklessly” |
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I. |
“Negligently” |
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J. |
Strict liability |
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1. |
Constitutionality |
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2. |
Interpretation |
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3. |
Typical strict-liability provisions |
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K. |
Vicarious liability |
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L. |
Mistakes of fact or law |
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1. |
Grounds for confusion |
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2. |
General mental state |
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3. |
Mistake must be “reasonable” |
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4. |
Mistake of law |
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5. |
Modern view |
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6. |
Unreasonable mistake |
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7. |
“Lesser crime” theory retained |
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8. |
Mistake of law as to collateral fact |
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9. |
Mistaken belief that conduct is not a crime |
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10. |
Effect of mistake due to mental disease or defect |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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III. |
CONCURRENCE |
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A. | ||||||
B. |
Concurrence between mind and act (“temporal concurrence”) |
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1. |
Mental state must cause act |
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2. |
Voluntary intoxication |
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3. |
Concurrence must be with act, not results |
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4. |
Concurrence may be with any act that is legal cause of harm |
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5. |
Omission to act |
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C. |
Concurrence between mind and result |
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1. |
Different crime occurs |
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2. |
Recklessly- or negligently-caused result |
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3. |
Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter rules |
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4. |
Same kind of harm but different degree |
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5. |
Manner of harm |
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6. |
Different victim |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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Exam Tips on |
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Chapter 3 CAUSATION |
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I. |
INTRODUCTION |
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A. |
Causation generally |
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B. |
Two aspects of causation |
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II. |
CAUSE IN FACT |
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A. |
Cause in fact generally |
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1. |
Expansive test |
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2. |
“Substantial factor” test |
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3. |
Shortening of life |
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4. |
Murder victim must have been alive at time of act |
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5. |
Two people working together |
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III. |
PROXIMATE CAUSE GENERALLY |
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A. |
Proximate cause, in general |
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B. |
No mechanical principles |
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IV. |
PROXIMATE CAUSE—UNINTENDED VICTIMS |
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A. |
Transferred intent |
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B. |
Application where different property destroyed |
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C. |
Actual victim not foreseeable |
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D. |
Defense assertable against intended victim |
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E. |
Mistake of identity |
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F. |
Crimes of recklessness or negligence |
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V. |
PROXIMATE CAUSE—UNINTENDED MANNER OF HARM |
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A. |
Unintended manner of harm generally |
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B. |
Direct causation |
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1. |
Small differences in type of injury |
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2. |
Slightly different mechanism |
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3. |
Pre-existing weakness |
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4. |
Death caused without physical impact |
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5. |
“Come to rest in apparent safety” |
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6. |
Recklessness and negligence crimes |
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C. |
Intervening acts |
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1. |
Dependent vs. independent intervening acts |
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2. |
Four kinds of acts |
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3. |
Intervening acts by third person |
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4. |
Act by victim |
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5. |
Act by defendant |
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6. |
Non-human event |
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7. |
Recklessness or negligence crime |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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Exam Tips on |
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Chapter 4 RESPONSIBILITY |
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I. |
THE INSANITY DEFENSE |
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A. |
General purpose |
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B. |
Tests for insanity |
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C. |
M’Naghten “right-wrong” rule |
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D. |
“Irresistible impulse” |
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E. |
The Durham “product” test |
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F. |
Model Penal Code standard |
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G. |
The federal standard |
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H. |
Raising and establishing the defense |
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1. |
Who raises defense |
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2. |
Burden of persuasion |
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3. |
When defense must be raised |
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4. |
Role of the jury |
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5. |
Bifurcated trial |
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6. |
Insanity defense as “all or nothing” |
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I. |
XYY chromosome defense |
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J. |
Commitment following insanity acquittal |
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K. |
Fitness to stand trial |
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L. |
Insanity at time set for execution |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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II. |
DIMINISHED RESPONSIBILITY |
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A. |
Meaning of diminished responsibility |
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B. |
Insanity defense sometimes held to be superseding |
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C. |
Specific applications |
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1. |
Murder reduced to manslaughter |
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2. |
“Heat of passion” manslaughter |
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III. |
AUTOMATISM |
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A. |
Nature of automatism defense |
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B. |
Defense sometimes superseded by insanity |
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C. |
Generally allowed in America |
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D. |
Not necessarily subsumed within insanity defense |
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IV. |
INTOXICATION |
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A. |
The problem generally |
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B. |
Voluntary intoxication |
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1. |
Effect upon mental state |
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2. |
Recklessness |
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3. |
Murder |
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4. |
Negligence |
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C. |
Involuntary intoxication |
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D. |
Alcoholism and narcotics addiction |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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V. |
INFANCY |
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A. |
Common-law treatment |
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B. |
Effect of legislation |
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Exam Tips on |
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Chapter 5 JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE |
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I. |
GENERAL PRINCIPLES |
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A. |
Justification vs. excuse |
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B. |
Effect of mistake of fact |
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C. |
Overlapping of defenses |
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II. |
DURESS |
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A. |
Nature of duress |
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B. |
Elements of the defense |
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C. |
Rationale for defense |
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D. |
Homicide cases |
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1. |
Justifications |
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2. |
Model Penal Code allows |
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3. |
Felony-murder |
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4. |
Reduction of murder to manslaughter |
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E. |
Imminence of threatened harm |
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F. |
Death or serious bodily injury |
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G. |
Threat directed at person other than defendant |
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H. |
Effect of mistake |
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I. |
Defendant who voluntarily subjects himself to danger |
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J. |
Wife coerced by husband |
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K. |
Military orders |
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L. |
Guilt of coercer |
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M. |
Relation to “choice of evils” or “necessity” defense |
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III. |
NECESSITY |
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A. |
The necessity defense generally |
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B. |
Requirements for defense |
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1. |
Greater harm |
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2. |
No alternative |
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3. |
Imminence |
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4. |
Situation not caused by defendant |
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5. |
Nature of harm |
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C. |
Illustrative examples |
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D. |
Homicide |
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E. |
Economic necessity not sufficient |
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F. |
Civil disobedience |
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G. |
Prevention of “possible future harm” not sufficient |
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IV. |
SELF-DEFENSE |
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A. |
Self-defense generally |
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B. |
Requirements |
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C. |
What constitutes unlawful force |
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1. |
Excessive force |
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2. |
Force which would be excused |
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3. |
Effect of mistake |
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4. |
Consent |
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D. |
Degree of force |
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E. |
Imminence of harm |
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1. |
Not unduly strict standard |
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2. |
Withdrawal by aggressor |
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F. |
Aggressor may not defend himself |
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1. |
Aggression without use of actual force |
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2. |
“Aggressor” is narrowly defined |
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3. |
Two exceptions |
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G. |
Retreat |
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1. |
No retreat required before non-deadly force |
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2. |
Only required where it can be safely done |
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3. |
Retreat in defendant’s dwelling |
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H. |
Effect of mistake |
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I. |
Battered women and self-defense |
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J. |
Resisting arrest |
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K. |
Injury to third person |
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L. |
“Imperfect” self-defense |
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M. |
Burden of proof |
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V. |
DEFENSE OF OTHERS |
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A. |
Right to defend others in general |
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B. |
Relation between defendant and aided person |
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C. |
Requirements for defense |
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1. |
Danger to other |
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2. |
Degree of force |
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3. |
Belief in another person’s right to use force |
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D. |
Retreat |
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1. |
Home of either party |
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E. |
Mistake as to who is aggressor |
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VI. |
DEFENSE OF PROPERTY, INCLUDING HABITATION |
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A. |
Right to defend property generally |
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1. |
Non-deadly force |
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2. |
Limited to reasonable degree |
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3. |
Subsequent use of deadly force |
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B. |
Deadly force not generally allowed |
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1. |
Defense of dwelling |
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C. |
Use of mechanical devices |
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D. |
Recapture of chattel and of re-entry on land |
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VII. |
LAW ENFORCEMENT (ARREST; PREVENTION OF ESCAPE AND CRIME) |
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A. |
Law enforcement privilege generally |
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1. |
Use of force |
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B. |
Arrest |
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1. |
Summary of arrest rules |
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2. |
Arrest resisted |
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3. |
Suspect fleeing |
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4. |
Arrest by private citizen |
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C. |
Prevention of escape |
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D. |
Crime prevention |
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1. |
Reasonable non-deadly force |
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2. |
Deadly force |
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VIII. |
MAINTAINING AUTHORITY |
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A. |
Right to maintain authority generally |
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B. |
Parents of minor |
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C. |
School teacher |
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IX. |
CONSENT |
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A. |
Effect of consent by victim |
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B. |
Incapacity to consent |
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1. |
Deception |
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C. |
Contributory negligence of victim |
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D. |
Guilt of victim |
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E. |
Condonation and compromise |
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X. |
ENTRAPMENT |
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A. |
Entrapment generally |
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B. |
Evidence |
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1. |
Danger of prejudice |
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C. |
Distinguish from “missing element” cases |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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Exam Tips on |
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Chapter 6 ATTEMPT |
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I. |
INTRODUCTION |
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A. |
Concept of attempt generally |
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II. |
MENTAL STATE |
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A. |
Intent usually required |
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1. |
Specific crime in question |
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2. |
Knowledge of likely consequences |
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3. |
Crimes defined by recklessness, negligence or strict liability |
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4. |
Proving intent by circumstantial evidence |
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5. |
Intent as to surrounding circumstances |
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6. |
Completion of crime no bar |
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III. |
THE ACT—ATTEMPT VS. “MERE PREPARATION” |
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A. |
Attempt distinguished from mere preparation |
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B. |
The proximity approach |
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C. |
The “equivocality” test |
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D. |
Model Penal Code’s “substantial step” test |
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IV. |
IMPOSSIBILITY |
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A. |
Nature of “impossibility” defense |
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B. |
Factual impossibility |
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1. |
Not accepted as defense |
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C. |
“True legal” impossibility |
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D. |
Mistake of fact governing legal relationship (the “hybrid” case) |
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E. |
“Inherent” impossibility (inaptness and superstition) |
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V. |
RENUNCIATION |
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A. |
Renunciation of criminal purpose |
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B. |
Modern view accepts defense |
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C. |
Voluntariness requirement |
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VI. |
ATTEMPT-LIKE CRIMES |
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A. |
Inchoate crimes generally |
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B. |
Attempt to commit attempt-like crimes |
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1. |
Assault |
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2. |
Burglary |
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C. |
Constitutional objections to attempt-like crimes |
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VII. |
MECHANICS OF TRIAL; PUNISHMENT |
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A. |
Relation between charge and conviction |
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1. |
Substantive crime charged, attempt proved |
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2. |
Attempt charged, completed crime proved |
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B. |
Penalties |
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Quiz Yourself on |
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Exam Tips on |
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Chapter 7 CONSPIRACY |
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I. |
INTRODUCTION |
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A. |
Definition of “conspiracy” |
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B. |
Purposes of conspiracy law |
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C. |
Procedural advantages |
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1. |
Joint trial |
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2. |
Admission of hearsay |
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II. |
THE AGREEMENT |
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A. |
“Meeting of the minds” not required |
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1. |
Implied agreement |
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2. |
Proof by circumstantial evidence |
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B. |
Aiding and abetting |
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C. |
Parties do not agree to commit object crime |
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D. |
Feigned agreement |
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1. |
Traditional view that there is no conspiracy |
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2. |
Modern view allows conspiracy finding |
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E. |
Knowledge of the identity of other conspirator |
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III. |
MENS REA |
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A. |
The intent requirement generally |
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B. |
Intent to commit object crime |
|||||
1. |
Must have intent to achieve objective |
|||||
2. |
Crime of recklessness or negligence |
|||||
3. |
Strict-liability crimes |
|||||
4. |
Attendant circumstances |
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C. |
Supplying of goods and services |
|||||
1. |
Mere knowledge usually insufficient |
|||||
D. |
Differing mental states |
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IV. |
THE CONSPIRATORIAL OBJECTIVE |
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A. |
Non-criminal objectives |
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B. |
Overt act requirement |
|||||
1. |
Rationale |
|||||
2. |
Model Penal Code limits requirement |
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3. |
Kind of act required |
|||||
4. |
Act of one attributable to all |
|||||
C. |
Impossibility |
|||||
D. |
Substantive liability for crimes of other conspirators |
|||||
1. |
Pinkerton case imposes liability |
|||||
2. |
Modern view limits Pinkerton |
|||||
V. |
SCOPE: MULTIPLE PARTIES |
|||||
A. |
Parties not in contact with each other |
|||||
B. |
“Wheel” conspiracies |
|||||
1. |
“Community of interest” test |
|||||
C. |
“Chain” conspiracies |
|||||
1. |
“Community of interest” test |
|||||
D. |
Organized crime |
|||||
E. |
Party who comes late or leaves early |
|||||
1. |
Party who leaves early |
|||||
2. |
Party who joins late |
|||||
VI. |
DURATION OF THE CONSPIRACY |
|||||
A. |
Significance of issue |
|||||
B. |
Abandonment |
|||||
1. |
Abandonment by all |
|||||
2. |
Withdrawal by individual conspirator |
|||||
3. |
Crime completed |
|||||
VII. |
PLURALITY |
|||||
A. |
Significance of plurality requirement |
|||||
B. |
Wharton’s Rule |
|||||
1. |
Degree of acceptance |
|||||
2. |
Rationale |
|||||
3. |
More persons than necessary |
|||||
4. |
Only one participant punishable |
|||||
5. |
Merely a presumption |
|||||
6. |
Model Penal Code rejects Rule |
|||||
C. |
Statutory purpose not to punish one party |
|||||
D. |
Spouses and corporations |
|||||
E. |
Inconsistent disposition |
|||||
1. |
Same trial |
|||||
2. |
Different trials |
|||||
3. |
One conspirator not brought to justice |
|||||
4. |
Model Penal Code rejects consistency requirement |
|||||
VIII. |
PUNISHMENT |
|||||
A. |
Typical penalty schemes |
|||||
B. |
Cumulative sentencing |
|||||
Quiz Yourself on |
||||||
Exam Tips on |
||||||
Chapter 8 ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY AND SOLICITATION |
||||||
I. |
PARTIES TO CRIME |
|||||
A. |
Various parties |
|||||
1. |
“Principal in first degree” |
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2. |
Principal in second degree |
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3. |
Accessory before the fact |
|||||
4. |
Accessory after the fact |
|||||
B. |
Procedural effects of classification |
|||||
II. |
ACCOMPLICES—THE ACT REQUIREMENT |
|||||
A. |
Aiding and abetting |
|||||
1. |
Words may be enough |
|||||
2. |
Mere presence not sufficient |
|||||
3. |
Failure to intervene |
|||||
B. |
Aid not crucial |
|||||
1. |
Not a defense |
|||||
2. |
Attempted aid |
|||||
3. |
Attempts to aid where no crime occurs |
|||||
C. |
“Crime for hire” scenario |
|||||
D. |
Conspiracy as meeting the act requirement |
|||||
III. |
ACCOMPLICES—MENTAL STATE |
|||||
A. |
General confusion |
|||||
B. |
Intentional aid |
|||||
1. |
Must have purpose to further crime |
|||||
2. |
Knowledge not usually enough |
|||||
3. |
Mens rea of underlying crime |
|||||
C. |
Knowledge, but not intent, as to criminal result |
|||||
D. |
Assistance with crime of recklessness or negligence |
|||||
1. |
Lending car to drunk driver |
|||||
2. |
“Depraved-indifference” murder |
|||||
E. |
Strict liability |
|||||
IV. |
ACCOMPLICES—ADDITIONAL CRIMES BY PRINCIPAL |
|||||
A. |
Results that are “natural and probable” but not intended |
|||||
1. |
Majority rule |
|||||
2. |
Model Penal Code rejects extended liability |
|||||
3. |
Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter |
|||||
V. |
GUILT OF THE PRINCIPAL |
|||||
A. |
Principal must generally be guilty |
|||||
1. |
Principal’s conviction not necessary |
|||||
2. |
Inconsistent verdicts in same trial |
|||||
3. |
Acquittal of principal before accomplice’s trial |
|||||
B. |
Principal without required mental state |
|||||
VI. |
WITHDRAWAL BY THE ACCOMPLICE |
|||||
A. |
Withdrawal as defense |
|||||
1. |
Model Penal Code |
|||||
2. |
Not required that crime be thwarted |
|||||
3. |
Effect of aid must be undone |
|||||
VII. |
VICTIMS AND OTHER EXCEPTIONS TO ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY |
|||||
A. |
Defendant who could not be liable as principal |
|||||
B. |
Exceptions for certain classes |
|||||
1. |
Victims |
|||||
2. |
Crime logically requiring second person |
|||||
VIII. |
POST-CRIME ASSISTANCE |
|||||
A. |
Accessory after the fact |
|||||
B. |
Elements of the offense |
|||||
1. |
Commission of a felony |
|||||
2. |
Knowledge of felony |
|||||
3. |
Knowledge of the felon’s identity |
|||||
4. |
Failure to inform not sufficient |
|||||
C. |
Misprision of felony |
|||||
D. |
Compounding crime |
|||||
IX. |
SOLICITATION |
|||||
A. |
Solicitation defined |
|||||
B. |
No overt act required |
|||||
C. |
No corroboration required |
|||||
D. |
Mental state |
|||||
E. |
Solicitation of accomplice |
|||||
F. |
Communication not received |
|||||
G. |
Defenses |
|||||
1. |
Renunciation |
|||||
2. |
Crime requiring two parties |
|||||
3. |
Impossibility |
|||||
H. |
Solicitation as an attempted crime |
|||||
X. |
CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF CORPORATIONS |
|||||
A. |
Corporations can commit crimes |
|||||
B. |
Punishing the corporation |
|||||
Quiz Yourself on |
||||||
Exam Tips on |
||||||
Chapter 9 HOMICIDE AND OTHER CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON |
||||||
I. |
HOMICIDE—INTRODUCTION |
|||||
A. |
Different grades of homicide |
|||||
II. |
MURDER |
|||||
A. |
Taking of life |
|||||
1. |
When life begins |
|||||
2. |
When life ends |
|||||
B. |
Elements of murder |
|||||
1. |
Actus reus |
|||||
2. |
Corpus delicti |
|||||
3. |
Mens rea |
|||||
4. |
Proximate cause |
|||||
C. |
Intent-to-kill murder |
|||||
1. |
Substantial certainty of death |
|||||
2. |
Ill will not needed |
|||||
3. |
Intent proved by circumstantial evidence |
|||||
4. |
Voluntary manslaughter |
|||||
5. |
Degrees of intent-to-kill murder |
|||||
D. |
Intent to do serious bodily injury |
|||||
1. |
Knowledge that injury is highly likely |
|||||
2. |
Standard is generally subjective |
|||||
3. |
What constitutes “serious bodily injury” |
|||||
4. |
Model Penal Code rejects |
|||||
E. |
Reckless indifference to value of human life (“depraved heart”) |
|||||
III. |
FELONY-MURDER |
|||||
A. |
Felony-murder generally |
|||||
B. |
Dangerous vs. non-dangerous felonies |
|||||
C. |
Causal relationship |
|||||
1. |
Illustration |
|||||
2. |
“Natural and probable” consequences |
|||||
3. |
Arson cases |
|||||
4. |
Robberies |
|||||
D. |
Accomplice liability of co-felons |
|||||
E. |
“In the commission of” a felony |
|||||
1. |
Mere coincidence not enough |
|||||
2. |
Escape as part of felony |
|||||
3. |
Killing followed by a felony |
|||||
4. |
No requirement that felony be completed |
|||||
F. |
Felony must be independent of killing |
|||||
G. |
Future of the felony-murder rule |
|||||
IV. |
THE DEATH PENALTY AS PUNISHMENT FOR MURDER |
|||||
A. |
Death Penalty generally |
|||||
1. |
Gregg v. Georgia |
|||||
2. |
Mandatory sentences not constitutional |
|||||
3. |
Racial prejudice |
|||||
4. |
Non-intentional killings |
|||||
5. |
Other limits |
|||||
V. |
DEGREES OF MURDER |
|||||
A. |
Degrees of murder |
|||||
B. |
First-degree murder |
|||||
1. |
Circumstantial evidence |
|||||
2. |
Time required for premeditation |
|||||
3. |
Elements which must be shown |
|||||
4. |
Intoxication as negating deliberation |
|||||
5. |
Criticism of distinction |
|||||
6. |
Lying in wait, torture and poison |
|||||
7. |
Felony-murder |
|||||
C. |
Second-degree murder |
|||||
VI. |
MANSLAUGHTER—VOLUNTARY |
|||||
A. |
Manslaughter generally |
|||||
B. |
Voluntary manslaughter based on “heat of passion” |
|||||
C. |
Requirements for heat-of-passion voluntary manslaughter |
|||||
D. |
Reasonable provocation |
|||||
E. |
Actual provocation |
|||||
F. |
Reasonable “cooling off period” |
|||||
G. |
Actual cooling off |
|||||
H. |
Killing of one other than provoker |
|||||
I. |
“Imperfect self defense” |
|||||
1. |
Where applicable |
|||||
2. |
“Imperfect” defense of others |
|||||
3. |
“Imperfect” crime-prevention |
|||||
4. |
“Imperfect” coercion or necessity |
|||||
J. |
Other killings |
|||||
VII. |
MANSLAUGHTER—INVOLUNTARY |
|||||
A. |
Involuntary manslaughter based on criminal negligence |
|||||
B. |
Unlawful-act manslaughter (“misdemeanor-manslaughter”) |
|||||
1. |
What constitutes “unlawful act” |
|||||
2. |
Proximate cause |
|||||
3. |
Criticism of doctrine |
|||||
Quiz Yourself on |
||||||
VIII. |
ASSAULT, BATTERY AND MAYHEM |
|||||
A. |
Battery |
|||||
B. |
Assault |
|||||
C. |
Mayhem |
|||||
IX. |
RAPE |
|||||
A. |
Definition of rape |
|||||
1. |
Intercourse |
|||||
2. |
The spousal exemption |
|||||
3. |
Without consent |
|||||
4. |
Force |
|||||
5. |
Corroboration |
|||||
6. |
Homosexual rape |
|||||
B. |
Statutory rape |
|||||
1. |
Reasonable mistake usually not a defense |
|||||
X. |
KIDNAPPING |
|||||
A. |
Definition of kidnapping |
|||||
1. |
Model Penal Code |
|||||
2. |
Asportation |
|||||
Quiz Yourself on |
||||||
Exam Tips on |
||||||
Chapter 10 THEFT CRIMES AND OTHER CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY |
||||||
I. |
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW |
|||||
A. |
Larceny was judge-made crime |
|||||
II. |
LARCENY |
|||||
A. |
Definition |
|||||
B. |
Trespassory taking |
|||||
1. |
Trapped by owner |
|||||
2. |
Taking by employee |
|||||
3. |
Transaction in owner’s presence |
|||||
4. |
Bailee who breaks bulk |
|||||
5. |
Finders of lost or mislaid property |
|||||
6. |
Larceny by trick |
|||||
C. |
Carrying away (“asportation”) |
|||||
D. |
Personal property of another |
|||||
1. |
Tangible personal property |
|||||
2. |
Modern expansion |
|||||
E. |
Property of another |
|||||
F. |
Intent to steal |
|||||
1. |
Intent to permanently deprive owner |
|||||
2. |
The sell-back-to-owner, reward and refund exceptions |
|||||
3. |
Intent to return equivalent property |
|||||
4. |
Claim of right |
|||||
5. |
Concurrence of taking and intent; mistake |
|||||
G. |
Degrees of larceny |
|||||
III. |
EMBEZZLEMENT |
|||||
A. |
Definition |
|||||
B. |
Need for embezzlement crime |
|||||
C. |
Conversion |
|||||
D. |
Property of another |
|||||
1. |
Kind of property which may be embezzled |
|||||
2. |
Property “of another” |
|||||
E. |
By one in lawful possession |
|||||
1. |
Employees |
|||||
2. |
Finders |
|||||
F. |
Fraudulent taking |
|||||
1. |
Claim of right |
|||||
2. |
Collection of debt |
|||||
3. |
Intent to repay |
|||||
IV. |
FALSE PRETENSES |
|||||
A. |
Definition |
|||||
B. |
Need for crime |
|||||
C. |
False representation of present or past fact |
|||||
1. |
Non-disclosure and concealment |
|||||
2. |
False promises not sufficient |
|||||
D. |
Reliance |
|||||
1. |
Representation must be “material” |
|||||
E. |
Passing of title |
|||||
1. |
The victim has only possession |
|||||
2. |
Sale as opposed to loan or lease |
|||||
3. |
Purchase of goods on conditional sale |
|||||
4. |
Handing over of money |
|||||
F. |
Property of another |
|||||
1. |
Property that qualifies |
|||||
2. |
Joint ownership |
|||||
G. |
Defendant’s mental state |
|||||
1. |
Practical significance |
|||||
2. |
Reasonable belief in truth of representation |
|||||
3. |
Intent to defraud |
|||||
H. |
Defenses |
|||||
1. |
Gullibility of victim |
|||||
2. |
No pecuniary loss |
|||||
I. |
Crimes related to false pretenses |
|||||
1. |
Bad checks |
|||||
2. |
Forgery |
|||||
3. |
Mail and wire fraud |
|||||
V. |
CONSOLIDATION OF THEFT CRIMES |
|||||
VI. |
RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY |
|||||
VII. |
BURGLARY |
|||||
A. |
Common-law burglary |
|||||
B. |
Breaking |
|||||
C. |
Entry |
|||||
D. |
Dwelling of another |
|||||
E. |
Nighttime |
|||||
F. |
Intent to commit a felony |
|||||
VIII. |
ROBBERY |
|||||
A. |
Definition of robbery |
|||||
B. |
From the person or presence of owner |
|||||
C. |
Use of violence or intimidation |
|||||
1. |
Violence |
|||||
2. |
Intimidation |
|||||
3. |
Taking must concur with violence or intimidation |
|||||
D. |
Aggravated robbery |
|||||
IX. |
ARSON |
|||||
A. |
Nature of offense |
|||||
X. |
BLACKMAIL AND EXTORTION |
|||||
A. |
Nature of offense |
|||||
B. |
Nature of threat |
|||||
C. |
Attempt to recover property |
|||||
Quiz Yourself on |
||||||
Exam Tips on |
||||||
ESSAY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
||||||
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
||||||
TABLE OF MODEL PENAL CODE REFERENCES |
||||||
TABLE OF CASES |
||||||
SUBJECT MATTER INDEX |