Special Notice

For several frequently cited treatises I have used shortened versions after the initial citation to the work. These are as follows: Friedenthal, Kane, and Miller, Civil Procedure (4th ed. 2005), cited as Friedenthal, Kane, and Miller; James, Hazard, and Leubsdorf, Civil Procedure (5th ed. 2001), cited as Hazard, Leubsdorf & Bassett (6th ed. 2011); Moore’s Federal Practice, cited as Moore’s; Wright, Federal Courts (5th ed. 1994), cited as Wright; and Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, cited as Wright and Miller. (My apologies to supplementary co-authors of the Moore’s and Wright and Miller treatises.)

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