Citation347 U.S. 483 (1954) Brief Fact Summary. Minors of the Negro race, through their legal representatives, seek the aid of the courts in obtaining admission to the public schools of their community on a nonsegregated basis. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities. ...
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Brown v. Board of Education
Citation347 U.S. 483 (1954) Brief Fact Summary. Plaintiffs in three different cases claim that they have been denied the equal protection after they were denied admission to the public schools attended by white children. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities. ...
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Citation. 347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954). Brief Fact Summary. Plaintiffs were denied admission to public schools on the basis of race and challenged the decisions in this consolidated opinion. Synopsis of Rule of Law. In the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. ...
Brown v. Board of Education (II)
Citation349 U.S. 294, 75 S.Ct. 753, 99 L.Ed. 1083 (1955). Brief Fact Summary. After its decision in Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I), the Court convened to issue the directives which would help to implement racial desegregation. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Schools must integrate (allow black students into) all-white schools “with all deliberate speed.” ...
Brown v. Board of Education
Citation347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954). Brief Fact Summary. African American students were denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. They brought suit challenging such laws. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. ...
Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I)
Citation347 U.S. 483 (1954) Synopsis of Rule of Law. Even assuming equal facilities, if children in public schools are segregated solely on the basis of their color, the minority group is deprived of equal protection under law. ...
Brown v. Board of Education (I)
Citation347 U.S. 483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873, 1954 U.S. Brief Fact Summary. The Supreme Court of the United States invoked the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to strike down laws that permitted racial segregation in public schools. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Segregated public schools are not “equal” and cannot be made “equal,” therefore, the doctrine of “separate but equal” in public schools is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ...
Brown v. Board of Education (II)
Citation349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1955 U.S. Brief Fact Summary. This case was decided in order to define the manner in which relief, as held in Brown I, is to be accorded. Synopsis of Rule of Law. It is up to the courts to decide whether the action of the school authorities constitutes good faith implementation of the governing constitutional principles. ...
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II)
Citation349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1955 U.S. 734. Brief Fact Summary. In [Brown I], the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) held that racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional. Synopsis of Rule of Law. In fashioning and effectuating decrees, which require varied solutions, the courts will be guided by equitable principles. ...
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I)
Citation347 U.S.483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873, 1954 U.S. 2094. Brief Fact Summary. Black children were denied admission to schools attended by white children under laws that permitted or required segregation by race. The children sued. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Separate but equal educational facilities are inherently unequal. ...
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Citation22 Ill.349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083 (1955) Brief Fact Summary. After its decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) determines that the lower courts in which the cases originated were the proper venue for determining how to best implement racial desegregation. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The lower courts in which the cases of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka first originated are the proper venue for determining how to best implement racial desegregation in light of varied school problems and different l ...
Brown v. Board of Education
Citation349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1955 U.S. Brief Fact Summary. After ruling school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (Brown I), local school boards sought judicial guidance as to the appropriate remedy for the segregation. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Federal courts may sit in equity to enforce judgments of the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court). ...
Cooper v. Aaron
Citation358 U.S. 1 (1958) Brief Fact Summary. The Governor and Legislature of Arkansas refused to respect the judgment of this Court in Brown v. Board of Education and claimed that there is no duty on state officials to obey federal court orders. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The Constitution is the “fundamental and paramount law of the nation” and it is the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. ...
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Citation. 551 U.S. 701, 127 S.Ct. 2738, 168 L.Ed.2d 508 (2007). Brief Fact Summary. Plaintiffs challenged student assignment plans based on race on Equal Protection grounds. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The government must demonstrate that the use of individual racial classifications is narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest. ...
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Citation. 551 U.S. 701 (2007) Brief Fact Summary. Seattle and Jefferson County adopted student assignment plans that relied on students’ race to varying degrees. Plaintiffs’ children were denied assignment to particular schools under these plans. Synopsis of Rule of Law. A student assignment plan based in part on race does not pass strict scrutiny where the plan only has a minimal effect on the asserted interest in diversity, and where other policy options are available. ...
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist.
Citation551 U.S. 701, 127 S.Ct. 2738, 168 L.Ed.2d 508 (2007) Brief Fact Summary. The school districts of Seattle, Washington and Louisville, Kentucky adopted systems of racial classifications in determining school assignments. Parents Involved in Community Schools (Parents Involved) brought suit. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Achieving racially balanced school districts does not amount to a compelling government interest that satisfies strict scrutiny. ...
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Citation. 555 U.S. 701 (2007) Brief Fact Summary. The school districts in Seattle voluntarily adopted student assignment plans that rely upon race to determine which public schools certain children may attend, so that the racial balance at the school falls within a predetermined range based on the racial composition of the school district as a whole. Parents of students denied assignment to particular schools under these plans solely because of their race and brought suit, arguing that allocating children to different public schools on the basis of race violated the Fourteenth Amendment ...
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
CitationParents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1, 127 S. Ct. 2738 (U.S. 2007) Brief Fact Summary. Parents of school children sued the Seattle School Districts after their children were assigned to particular schools based on racial classifications to achieve integration in the school system. Synopsis of Rule of Law. School districts cannot assign students to different schools based on race to achieve integration unless narrowly-tailored standards are used to promote diversity. ...
Johnson v. California
Citation543 U.S. 499 (2005) Brief Fact Summary. Garrison Johnson (Plaintiff) challenged California’s (Defendant) policy of assigning new inmates temporary cellmates by race as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Synopsis of Rule of Law. When a policy of racial segregation for prisoners assigned to reception centers for up to 60 days is challenged under the Equal Protection Clause, the courts must review the policy under the strict scrutiny standard. ...
Plessy v. Ferguson
Citation163 U.S. 537 (1896) Brief Fact Summary. Plessy (D) tried to sit in a railroad car designated as being for the use of whites only, and was therefore arrested. Synopsis of Rule of Law. It is reasonable to enforce segregation of colored and white races if based upon the tradition, custom and usage of the state. ...
Plessy v. Ferguson
Citation163 U.S.537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256, 1896 U.S. 3390. Brief Fact Summary. A Louisiana statute required railroad companies to provide separate, but equal accommodations for its Black and White passengers. The Plaintiff, Plessy (Plaintiff), was prosecuted under the statute after he refused to leave the section of a train reserved for whites. Synopsis of Rule of Law. A law, which authorizes or requires the separation of the two races on public conveyances, is consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution (Constitution) unless the la ...
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Citation22 Ill.402 U.S. 1, 91 S. Ct. 1267, 28 L. Ed. 2d 554 (1971) Brief Fact Summary. The Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) granted certiorari to determine whether the Respondent, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education’s (Respondent), desegregation plan was an effective and reasonable attempt to desegregate public schools in its district. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The constitutional mandate to desegregate public schools did not require all schools in a district to reflect the district’s racial composition, but the existence of all-black or all-white schools m ...
Bolling v. Sharpe
Citation22 Ill.347 U.S. 497, 74 S. Ct. 693, 98 L. Ed. 884 (1954) Brief Fact Summary. The Petitioners, Negro minors (Petitioners), allege the segregation in the public schools of the District of Columbia deprives them of Due Process of law under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution (Constitution). Synopsis of Rule of Law. Racial segregation in public schools is a denial of the due process of law guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution. ...
Milliken v. Bradley
Citation418 U.S. 717, 94 S. Ct. 3112, 41 L. Ed. 2d 1069, 1974 U.S. Brief Fact Summary. The schools of the city of Detroit, Michigan were racially imbalanced in the eyes of the District Court. The court’s remedy was to redraw lines of neighboring suburban school districts to achieve racial balance within the city’s schools. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The District Courts cannot redraw the lines of integrated school systems to achieve racial balance in a segregated school system absent an interdistrict violation or effect. ...