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Citation22 Ill.398 U.S. 914, 90 S. Ct. 1684, 26 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1970) Brief Fact Summary. Large families, in Maryland, challenge a federal aid program, which resulted in a disparity in aid between large families and small families. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Disparities in welfare benefits offered to qualifying beneficiaries need only be supported by a rational basis. ...

Citation22 Ill.476 U.S. 898, 106 S. Ct. 2317, 90 L. Ed. 2d 899 (1986) Brief Fact Summary. A New York law granted special civil service benefits to veterans who resided within the state when entering the military. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Granting state privileges to older residents and denying those same privileges to new residents violates the equal protection of the laws and the right to travel. ...

Citation22 Ill.489, 119 S. Ct. 1518, 143 L. Ed. 2d 689 (1999) Brief Fact Summary. A California statute required new citizens to endure a durational residency waiting period before they could receive welfare benefits. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Durational residency requirements imposed by a state on its new residents require a heightened standard of review. ...

Citation22 Ill.419 U.S. 393, 95 S. Ct. 553, 42 L. Ed. 2d 532 (1975) Brief Fact Summary. The Appellant, Carol Sosna’s (Appellant) request for a divorce was denied because she had not met the one-year residency requirement. Synopsis of Rule of Law. A state has an interest in requiring those requesting a divorce be “genuinely attached” to the state by a showing that they have met the state’s durational residency requirements. ...

Citation22 Ill.457 U.S. 55, 102 S. Ct. 2309, 72 L. Ed. 2d 672 (1982) Brief Fact Summary. The Alaska Constitution allowed for annual dividends to be paid out to citizens on the basis of the time in which they entered the state. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Creating “permanent sub-classes of residents” requires only a general equal protection analysis. ...

Citation22 Ill.240 F. Supp. 270 (E.D. Va. 1964) Brief Fact Summary. Voters challenge the constitutionality of a poll tax. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Prerequisite payments within the election process are unconstitutional. ...

Citation22 Ill.394 U.S. 618, 89 S. Ct. 1322, 22 L. Ed. 2d 600 (1969) Brief Fact Summary. Welfare applicants were denied assistance because they resided in the District of Columbia for less than one year prior to filing their application for assistance. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Denying welfare assistance to needy families who do not meet a residency requirement, but would otherwise qualify is unconstitutional unless the denial is supported by a compelling interest. ...

Citation22 Ill.478 U.S. 109, 106 S. Ct. 2797, 92 L. Ed. 2d 85 (1986) Brief Fact Summary. A reapportionment plan was designed to create the maximum number of safe seats for the Republican party. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Redistricting plans designed to secure the maximum number of safe party seats does not violate the United States Constitution (Constitution). ...

Citation22 Ill.130 S. Ct. 3324 Brief Fact Summary. Georgia created a redistricting plan based on racial considerations. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Racially motivated redistricting plans must be supported by a compelling state interest. ...

Citation22 Ill.379 U.S. 870, 85 S. Ct. 12, 13 L. Ed. 2d 76 (1964) Brief Fact Summary. A state’s apportionment scheme lacking the one person, one vote principle resulted in an inequity in the weight placed on votes cast by participants in the election of state legislatures. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution (Constitution) guarantees that the right to have one’s vote counted equally to other voters in an election of state legislatures. ...

Citation22 Ill.467 U.S. 1222, 104 S. Ct. 2672, 81 L. Ed. 2d 869 (1984) Brief Fact Summary. A New Jersey reapportionment plan destroyed population equality Synopsis of Rule of Law. Apportionment schemes that result in inequity among populations violates Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution (Constitution). ...

Citation22 Ill.473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313 (1985) Brief Fact Summary. A group home was denied a special permit to operate its facility pursuant to a city ordinance. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Classifications based on mental retardation require the rational-basis standard of review. ...

Citation22 Ill.517 U.S. 620, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855, 70 FEP Cases 1180 (1996) Brief Fact Summary. Colorado’s constitutional amendment “prevented the state or any of its cities from giving certain protections to gays or lesbians.” Synopsis of Rule of Law. Classifications of politically unpopular groups, such as homosexuals, are reviewed under a rational basis standard. ...

Citation22 Ill.426 U.S. 67, 96 S. Ct. 1883, 48 L. Ed. 2d 478 (1976) Brief Fact Summary. The Appellees, Diaz and others (Appellees), were denied enrollment into a federal insurance plan solely on the basis that they were not citizens of the United States. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The federal government may restrict aliens from receiving or qualifying for benefits enjoyed by United States citizens. ...

Citation22 Ill.439 U.S. 259, 99 S. Ct. 518, 58 L. Ed. 2d 503 (1978) Brief Fact Summary. The Appellant, Robert Lalli (Appellant), seeking inheritance from his father, challenges the constitutionality of a New York statute requiring him to prove paternity, before the death of his father. Synopsis of Rule of Law. State laws classifying children on legitimacy must be substantially related to the important state interest the statute is intended to promote. ...

Citation403 U.S. 365, 91 S. Ct. 1848, 29 L. Ed. 2d 534 (1971) Brief Fact Summary. Aliens challenge state statutes that restrict and prevent their access to welfare benefits offered to citizens. Synopsis of Rule of Law. A state cannot restrict or prevent aliens from receiving benefits offered to state citizens. ...

Citation22 Ill.467 U.S. 216, 104 S. Ct. 2312, 81 L. Ed. 2d 175 (1984) Brief Fact Summary. The Petitioner, Efrem Bernal’s (Petitioner), application to become a notary public was denied solely on the basis that he was an alien. Synopsis of Rule of Law. A State must show that it has a compelling state interest, that is consistent with the principles supported by the United States Constitution (Constitution), when its law supports alien-based classifications. ...

Citation22 Ill.515 U.S. 200, 115 S. Ct. 2097, 132 L. Ed. 2d 158, 67 FEP Cases 1828 (1995) Brief Fact Summary. A federal law provided financial incentives to contractors awarding subcontracts to minority-owned businesses. Synopsis of Rule of Law. State and federal racial classifications require the application of strict scrutiny in order to determine whether the constitutionality of the classification. ...

Citation22 Ill.458 U.S. 718, 102 S. Ct. 3331, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1090 (1982) Brief Fact Summary. The Respondent, Joe Hogan (Respondent), challenged the woman’s only admission policy after being denied admission into a nursing program solely on the basis of gender. Synopsis of Rule of Law. A women’s only admission’s policy is constitutional when it is supported by a significant government interests and is substantially related to the governmental objective. ...

Citation22 Ill.438 U.S. 912, 98 S. Ct. 3140, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1158 (1978) Brief Fact Summary. A white student was denied admission into medical school despite having scores higher than minority student admitted into the school under a special quota system. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Race-based classifications, for purposes of school admissions, are constitutional. The use of racial-quotas, however, is unconstitutional. ...

Citation22 Ill.459 U.S. 899, 103 S. Ct. 198, 74 L. Ed. 2d 160 (1982) Brief Fact Summary. The Appellants, Rogers and seven other black citizens from Burke County, Georgia (Appellants) challenged the constitutionality of an at-large voting scheme that violated the United States Constitution (Constitution) despite the scheme’s racial neutrality. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Racially-neutral voting schemes do not necessary pass constitutional muster when there is a showing that the scheme actual perpetuates racial discrimination. ...

Citation22 Ill.416 U.S. 351, 94 S. Ct. 1734, 40 L. Ed. 2d 189 (1974) Issue. Whether Florida’s property tax exemption for widows unlawfully discriminates against widowers. Held. Justice William Douglas (J. Douglas). No. The Florida statute is within the limits of discrimination allowed by the Constitution because it aims to protect widows who face a higher economic disadvantage than widowers. Dissent. The dissenting opinions are as follows: Justice William (J. Brennan). Florida provides erroneous support for its interest because the statute also protects widows who are economically ...

Citation972 F. Supp. 1008 (E.D. Va. 1997) Brief Fact Summary. An all male military program in the state of Virginia created a parallel women’s program to remedy any unlawful treatment of women resulting from the all male military program’s admission policy. Synopsis of Rule of Law. The creation of a parallel program for women does not provide for an adequate solution for remedying the unequal treatment resulting from educational policies that exclude women in an effort to protect the essence or characteristics of an all male military program. ...

Citation View this case and other resources at: Brief Fact Summary. A competency examination issued to police officer candidates resulted in the denial of a disproportionately high number of black candidates. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Discriminatory impact cannot be the sole criterion for finding an equal protection violation. ...

Citation22 Ill.429 U.S. 1124, 97 S. Ct. 1161, 51 L. Ed. 2d 574 (1977) Brief Fact Summary. The Appellants, Craig, Whitener and others (Appellants), appeal the ruling of a federal district court upholding a statute’s gender-based classification for the sale of 3.2% beer. Synopsis of Rule of Law. In order to withstand a constitutional challenge, gender-based classifications must serve important governmental objectives and must be substantially related to the achievement of those objectives. ...